Module 4 A Social Survey—My NeighbourhoodSection Ⅱ Grammar语法指南现在完成时1.现在完成时的基本概念和构成现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,但与现在情况有关系,常表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。构成:(肯定)have/has+过去分词;(否定)have/has not+过去分词(一般疑问)Have/Has+主语+过去分词?(否定疑问)Haven't/Hasn't+主语+过去分词?或 Have/Has+主语+not+过去分词?2.现在完成时的基本用法( 1 ) 表 示 过 去 发 生 的 动 作 对 现 在 造 成 的 影 响 或 结 果 。 此 时 句 中 常 有already,ever,never,yet,just,before 等副词作状语,也可不用任何时间状语。I have seen the film Titanic.我看过电影《泰坦尼克号》。(暗含的意思是 I saw the film The Titanic and I knew its content.)Have you had your lunch yet?你吃过午饭了吗?(暗含的意思是 Did you have your lunch?Are you hungry now?)(2)表示从过去开始并延续到现在的动作或状态,常和表示一段时间的状语连用,如:for two months,since 1989 等;还可以和表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的时间状语连用,如:this morning,recently,in the past few years 等。I have worked here since 1995.从 1995 年以来我就在这工作。They have made great progress in the past ten years.在过去的十年里他们取得了巨大的进步。(3)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作。I will lend you the book as soon as I have finished reading it.我一看完这本书就借给你。(4)表示短暂行为的瞬间性动词,如:arrive,begin,become,borrow,buy,come,die,fall,find,finish,join,kill,leave,lend,lose,sell,start,stop 等的现在完成时一般不能和表示一段时间的状语以及 how long连用,应改用相应的延续性动词。His grandpa has been dead for two years.他的祖父已去世两年了。(=It is/has been two years since his grandpa died.或:His grandpa died two years ago.但不能说:His grandpa has died for two years.)(5)have been to a place 表示到过某地,现在已经回来,已不在该地;have been in a place 表示去过某地,某一段时间待...