外文文献原文EvasionofLawandMandatoryRulesinPrivateInternationalLawJ.J.FAWCETTCambridgeLawJournal,1990,49(1):44-62Source:CambridgeJournals，http://journals.cambridge.orgINTRODUCTIONIThasoftenbeenassertedthatEnglishprivateinternationallawhasnodoctrineofevasionofthelaw.ItistruethatEnglishlawhasneverdevelopedageneraldoctrine,liketheFrenchoneoffraudealahi,todealwithcasesofevasion.Nonetheless,evasionofthelawhasbeenrecognisedasaprobleminatleastsomeareasofprivateinternationallaw,andanincreasingnumberofspecificanti-evasionmeasureshavebeenintroducedinresponsetothis.TheEnglishapproachtowardsevasionisapragmaticoneratherthanbeingbasedonanybroadunderlyingtheory.Inparticular,thefundamentalquestionshavenotbeenaddressedofwhatiswrongwithevasionofthelawandhowitcanbedealtwithmosteffectively.Thepurposeofthisarticleistoexaminethepresentlawonevasion,determinewhatiswrongwithevasionofthelawandputforwardproposalsforaprincipledapproachtodealwiththeproblem.ITHEPRESENTLAWONEVASIONThemostobvioussenseinwhichthelawisevadediswhenpersonsdeliberatelyfloutthelaw,forexampleataxpayerfailstodeclareallhisincometotheInlandRevenue,orapersonsmugglesgoodsintoacountryinbreachofimportcontrols.Insuchcasesthepartyseekingtoevadethelawwishesnolawtoapply.Theprivateinternationallawyermaybeconcernedwiththistypeofcase,forinstancetheEnglishcourtsmaybeaskedtoenforceacontracttheperformanceofwhichinvolvestheillegalexportofgoods.Ofmoreinteresttotheprivateinternationallawyer,andthesubjectofthisarticle,arethosecaseswherelawsareevadedbypersonsshowingapreferencefortheapplicationofonecountry'slawratherthanthatofanother.Peoplecanshowthispreferencebygoingtoanothercountryintheexpectationthatthatcountry'slawwillbeappliedtotheiraffairs.Thishashappenedinthesphereoffamilylawwhereevasivemarriages,divorcesandabductionofchildrenarewellknown.Evasioncanalsotakeplaceinthecommercialspherewheretheparticularmethodofevasiontakesadifferentform,i.e.contractualagreementsthataparticularlawwillapply.Thoseareasinwhichevasionhasbeenrecognisedasbeingaproblem:marriage,divorce,childabductionandcustody,andcontract,willnowbeexaminedindetail,afterwhichsomeconclusionswillbedrawnonthenatureoftheapproachtowardsevasionadoptedunderthepresentlaw.A.EvasiveMarriagesEvasivemarriageshavebeenawellknownphenomenonsincetheearliestdaysofconflictoflaws.StartingwithBrookv.BrookinthemiddleofthenineteenthcenturytherehasbeenaspateofreportedcasesinvolvingEnglishcouplesgoingtoDenmarkorGermanytomarryinordertoevadetheEnglishlawontheprohibiteddegreesofmarriage.AfterthemarriagethecouplewouldreturntoliveinEngland.TheEnglishcourtsstronglyobjectedtotheattempttoevadeEnglishlawinthesecasesandrefusedtorecognisetheforeignmarriage.Thetechniquefordealingwiththeevasionwastoclassifytheissueinthecaseasbeingoneofessentialvalidityandtoapplythelawofthedomicileoftheparties,England,tothequestionofthevalidityoftheforeignmarriage.Inotherwords,thecourtsmouldedtheirprivateinternationalruleoncapacitytoenteramarriagetostopevasionofthelaw.ThegradualrelaxationintheprohibiteddegreesunderEnglishlawhaslargelymeanttheendofsuchinstancesofevasion.However,itstillremainsthecasethat,forexample,anunclewillbeunabletomarryhisnieceinEnglandbuthemaybeabletodosoundersomeforeignsystemsoflaw.BetterknowntolaymenthantheDanishmarriagescasesaretheGretnaGreenmarriagecases.AtonetimeyoungEnglishcoupleswouldelopetoScotlandinordertoevade...
