摘要《德伯家的苔丝》是19世纪英国悲剧作家托马斯·哈代小说中的典范，奠定了哈代悲剧作家的地位。自1891年出版以来，深受读者喜爱，吸引着一批又一批学者的关注和研究。国内外学者曾用不同的理论对小说做出了大量的阐述。其中大部分批评和阐释都是集中在同一个目标上，即苔丝悲惨命运的根源。（DuShu,2009）本文试图从外部因素即主人公苔丝生存的特定社会背景、家庭环境、宗教信仰、作者的宿命观等角度对苔丝的悲剧进行解读。望以此丰富和发展对哈代小说《德伯家的苔丝》的研究。关键词：苔丝；外部因素；悲剧IAbstractAsknowntoall,TessoftheD'UrbervillesisoneofthemostoutstandingnovelswrittenbyThomasHardyinthe19th.ItholdsthepositionofHardy'stragicwriter.EversinceTessoftheD'Urbervilleshasbeenpublished,manydomesticandforeignscholarshavebeenattractedbytheauthor'suniquepointofview.Theyhavemadealotofcriticismsandinterpretationstothenovelbyusingdifferenttheories.Mostcriticismsandinterpretationsareconcentratedinthesametarget.ThatistherootofTess'stragicfate.Basedontheexternalfactorsspecificsocialbackground,familyenvironment,religiousbeliefs,thefatalismofHardy,thisthesisaimstoanalyzethecausesofTess'stragedy.HopetogetmoreresultsofthecausesofTess'stragedy.Keywords:Tess;externalfactor;tragedyContentsAbstract.....................................................................................................................................IIII1.Introduction.......................................................................................................................11.1Anoutstandingnovelist-ThomasHardy..............................................................................11.2TheinfluenceofexternalfactorsonTess’stragiclife..........................................................22.TheanalysisofTess’stragiclifefromexternalfactors.............................................................32.1Economicenvironment.......................................................................................................32.2Moralityandreligion...........................................................................................................42.3Miserablefamilystatus.......................................................................................................52.4ThefatalismofHardy..........................................................................................................72.5Thecomparisonoffamilypressureandsocialenvironment..............................................83.TherelationbetweenexternalfactorsandinternalfactorsonTess’stragiclife...................94Conclusion.......................................................................................................................10Bibliography............................................................................................................................12Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................13III1.Introduction1.1Anoutstandingnovelist-ThomasHardyThomasHardy,thefamousEnglishnovelistattheturnofthe19thcentury,wasbornin1840inasmalltowninDorset,insouthwesternEngland,whichprovidesthesettingformostofHardy’snovelsandstories.(ZhuYan，2001)Asanovelistacrosstwocenturies,ThomasHardymainlycreatednovelsinhisearlyandmiddleage,whichinheritedandcarriedforwardthetraditionofVictorianliterature;Inhislateyears,withitsexcellentpoemshehadopenedu...
