第1页共9页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第1页共9页EnvironmentaleffectsofoilandgasleasesitesinagrasslandecosystemEnvironmentalManagementThenorthernGreatPlainsofSaskatchewanisoneofthemostsignificantlymodifiedlandscapesinCanada.WhilethemajorityofanthropogenicdisturbancestoSaskatchewan’sgrasslandsaretheresultofagriculturalpractices,developmentofpetroleumandnaturalgas(PNG)resourcesisofincreasingconcernforgrasslandconservation.AlthoughPNGdevelopmentsrequireformalassessmentandregulatoryapproval,follow-upandmonitoringoftheeffectsofPNGdevelopmentongrasslandsisnotcommonpractice.Consequently,theeffectsofPNGactivityongrasslandsandthespatialandtemporalextentofsuchimpactsarelargelyunknown.ThispaperexaminesthespatialandtemporalextentofPNGdevelopmentinfrastructurefrom1955to2006inagrasslandecosysteminsouthwestSaskatchewan.TheeffectsofPNGdevelopmentongrasslandecologywereassessedfrommeasurementsofgroundcovercharacteristics,soilproperties,andplantcommunitycompositionat31sitesinthestudyarea.PNGleasesiteswerefoundtohavelowcoverofherbaceousplants,clubmoss(Lycopodiaceae),litter,andshalloworganic(Ah)horizons.Leasesiteswerealsocharacterizedbylowdiversityofdesirablegrasslandplantsandlowrangehealthvaluescomparedtooff-leasereferencesites.Theseimpactswereamplifiedatactiveandhighlyproductiveleasesites.ImpactsofPNGdevelopmentpersistedformorethan50yearsfollowingwellsiteconstruction,andextendedoutward20m–25mbeyondthedirectphysicalfootprintofPNGwellinfrastructure.Theseresultshavesignificantimplicationswithregardtothecurrentstateofmonitoringandfollow-upofPNGdevelopment,andthecumulativeeffectiveofPNGactivityongrasslandecosystemsoverspaceandtime.ArticleOutline1.Introduction2.Methods2.1.Studyarea2.2.Wellticketandaerialphotodata2.3.Fielddatacollection2.4.Analysisofenvironmentaleffects3.Results3.1.PNGdevelopmentinthestudyarea第2页共9页第1页共9页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第2页共9页3.2.PhysicalfootprintofPNGsiteinfrastructure3.3.Impactstogroundcoverandsoil3.4.Impactstograsslandplants3.5.Impactstorangehealth3.6.Influenceofdrilldateandseason3.7.Spatialextentofimpacts3.8.CumulativeextentofPNGimpacts4.Discussion5.ConclusionAcknowledgementsEasternCanadiancrudeoilsupplyanditsimplicationsforregionalenergysecurityEnergyPolicyCanadahasbeenblessedwithimmenseenergyresources;however,theirdistributionisnotuniform.Onesuchexampleiscrudeoil,whichisfoundprimarilyinwesternCanada.EasternCanada,consistingofthesixeastern-mostprovinces(NewfoundlandandLabrador,NewBrunswick,NovaScotia,Ontario,PrinceEdwardIsland,andQuebec),producelimitedquantitiesofcrudeoil,mostofwhichisexportedtotheUnitedStates.Ideally,westernCanadiancrudeoilwouldmeetthedemandsofeasternCanada;however,theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)andtheabsenceofoilpipelinesmeansthateasternCanadaincreasinglyreliesonsuppliesofcrudeoilfromasmallnumberofoilexportingcountries,manywithdecliningproduction.Thispaperexaminescrudeoilproduction,supply,anditsrefiningineasternCanada.ItshowsthatcrudeproductionintheregionhasreacheditspeakandthatincreasingglobalcompetitionforcrudeoilwillaffectenergysecurityineasternCanada,eitherthroughpriceincreasesorsupplyshortages,orboth.ArticleOutline1.Introduction2.Crudesupply2.1.Transportingcrude第3页共9页第2页共9页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第3页共9页2.2...
