外文文献翻译河北工程大学建筑学院城市规划1101AKNOWLEDGE-BASEDCONCEPTUALVISIONOFTHESMARTCITYElsaNEGRECamilleROSENTHAL-SABROUXMilaGASCóLAMSADELAMSADECenterforInnovationinCitiesParis-DauphineUniversityParis-DauphineUniversityInstituteforInnovationSIGECADTeamSIGECADTeamandKnowledgeManagementFranceFranceESADE-RamonLlullUniversityelsa.negre@dauphine.frcamille.rosenthal-sabroux@dauphine.frmila.gasco@esade.eduAbstractThetermsmartcityisafuzzyconcept,notwelldefinedintheoreticalresearchesnorinempiricalprojects.Severaldefinitions,differentfromeachother,havebeenproposed.However,allagreeonthefactthataSmartCityisanurbanspacethattendstoimprovethedailylife(work,school,...)ofitscitizens(broadlydefined).Thisisanimprovementfromdifferentpointsofview:social,political,economic,governmental.Thispapergoesbeyondthisdefinitionandproposesaknowledge-basedconceptualvisionofthesmartcity,centeredonpeople’sinformationandknowledgeofpeople,inordertoimprovedecision-makingprocessesandenhancethevalue-addedofbusinessprocessesofthemoderncity.1.IntroductionOverthepastfewdecades,thechallengesfacedbymunicipal,suchasurbangrowthormigration,havebecomeincreasinglycomplexandinterrelated.Inadditiontothetraditionalland-useregulation,urbanmaintenance,production,andmanagementofservices,governmentsarerequiredtomeetnewdemandsfromdifferentactorsregardingwatersupply,naturalresourcessustainability,education,safety,ortransportation(Gascóetal,2014).Innovation,andtechnologicalinnovationinparticular,canhelpcitygovernmentstomeetthechallengesofurbangovernance,toimproveurbanenvironments,tobecomemorecompetitiveandtoaddresssustainabilityconcerns.Sincetheearly90s,thedevelopmentofInternetandcommunicationtechnologieshasfacilitatedthegenerationofinitiativestocreateopportunitiesforcommunicationandinformationsharingbylocalauthorities.ThisphenomenonappearedintheUnitedStatesthenmovedtoEuropeandAsia.Indeed,inoureverydaylife,we1aremoreandmoreinvadedbydataandinformation.ThisflowofdataandinformationisoftentheresultofInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT).Moreover,potentialitiesofICT,thathavealmostexponentiallyincreasedhavegivenrisetoahugemassofdatatotreat(Batty,2013).Theworldisbecomingincreasinglydigitalandpeopleareaffectedbythesechanges.Also,thedigitalinfrastructureinfersaninformationenvironmentthatis“asimperceptibletousaswateristoafish”(McLuhan&Gordon,2011).Thereexistsakindofparallelismbetweentechnologiesandhumans.Ononehand,peopleusetechnologiesmoreandmoreandarehyperconnected,and,ontheotherhand,(numeric)systemsaremoreandmoreuser-centered(Viitanen&Kingston,2014).Thus,withincities,systemshavetoadapttohyper-connectedcitizens,inaveryparticularenvironment,theoneofcitiesinconstantevolutionwheresystemsandhumansarenested.Theadventofnewtechnologiesalsoconfrontsthecitytoalargeinfluxofdata(BigData)fromheterogeneoussources,includingsocialnetworks.Itisalsoimportanttonotethatmuchinformationand/orknowledgeflowbetweendifferentpeople(withdifferentusesandbackgrounds)andbetweendifferentstakeholders(Kennedy,2012).Inthisrespect,thecityseesthatnumerousdatacirculateviatheinternet,wirelesscommunication,mobilephones,…Finally,smartcitiesareexposedtotechnologicalissuestiedtothehugemassofdatawhichpasswithinthem.Thesedatacancarryknowledgeand,bytheway,thesmartcity,anddefacto,thesmartcity,awareoftheexistenceandofthepotentialofthisknowledge,canexploitandusethem.Not...
