《主要英语国家社会与文化》学习心得英语国家社会与文化入门（ii）名词解释题1.americanindiansamericanindians，whoweremistakenlycalledbycolumbus，movedtotheamericasfromasiaabout25000yearsago.theydevelopedtheirownaboriginalculturesandsomeofthemsuchastheaztecs，theincasandthemayaswereveryadvancedwheneuropeansarrivedinthenewworld.but，asaresultofeuropeanconquest，theindianpopulationwasquicklyreducedandtheircultureswereruthlesslydestroyed.2.thedeclarationofindependencethedeclarationofindependencewasmainlydraftedbythomasjeffersonandwasadoptedbythecongressonjuly4，1776，whenthepeopleof13englishcoloniesinnorthamericawerefightingfortheirfreedomandindependencefromthebritishcolonialrule.thedocumentdeclaredthatallmenwereequalandthattheywereentitledtohavesomeunalienablerightssuchaslife，libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.italsoexplainedthephilosophyofgovernments：thepowersofgovernmentscamefromtheconsentofthegovernedandthepurposeofgovernmemtswastosecuretherightsmentionedabove.thetheoryofpoliticsandtheguidingprinciplesoftheamericanrevolutionmainlycamefromjohnlocke.3.ggeorgewashingtongeorgewashingtonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheamericanrepublic.hewasthecommander-in-chiefofthecontinentalarmyinthewarofindependenceagainstthebritishcolonialruleandthefirstpresidentoftheunitedstates.4.thomasjefferson第1页共6页thomasjeffersonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheamericanrepublichewasthechiefauthorofthedeclarationofindependenceandthethirdpresidentoftheunitedstates.5.benjaminfranklinbenjaminfranklinwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheamericanrepublic.heparticipatedinwritingthedeclarationofindependenceandmakingtheu.s.constitution.6.thearticlesofconfederationafterthewarofindependencewaswon，thenewnationoftheunitedstateswasorganizedundertheagreementofthearticlesofconfederationwithaweaknationalgovernmentcalledthecongress.eachstatehaditsowngovernment，madeitsownlawsandhandleitsinternalaffairs.thestatesdidnotcooperatewiththecongressandwitheachother.thecongresshadnopowertoforceanystatetocontributemoneytothenationalgovernmentandthecongresscouldnottaxanycitizeneither.asaressult，thearticlesofconfederationfailed.7.thebillofrightsthebillofrightsconsssistsofthefirst10amendmentswhichwereaddedtotheconstitutionin1791.thebillofrightswaspassedtoguaranteefreedomandindividualrightssuchasfreedomofspeech，therighttoassembleinpublicplaces，therighttoownweaponsandsoon.8.eliwhitneyeliwhitneyisanamericaninventorwhoinventedthecottongin，whichmaderemovingtheseedsfromthebollsofcottonmucheasier.healsobeganmanufacuringrifleswithmachinery，usinginterchanageablepart.thiscontributedtotheamericansystemofmassproduction.9.serviceindustriesserviceindustriesareindustriesthatsellaserviceratherthanmakeaproduct.serviceindustriesrangefrom第2页共6页bankingtotelecommunicationstotheprovisionofmealsinrestaurants.aasmoreandmorepeopleareemployediinserviceindustriesintheus，itissometimedsaidthattheushasmovedintoa“post-industrialera“.10.stockwhenstartingorexpandingbusiness，corporationsneedtoborrowmoney.theymayissuestocksforpeopletobuy.whenpeoplebuystock，theybecomepartownerofthecompany.ifthecompanymakesaprofit，theyreceiveashareofit.likewise，ifthecompanylosesmoney，thestockholderswillnotmakeaprofitorthevalueoftheirshareswilldrop---theylosemoney.thereforebuyingstockisarisk.11.mattinlutherling，jrmartinlutherking，jr.，anatlanta-bornbaptistminister，wasthele...
