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1Chapter6MEMORY《普通心理学》专业课2永远的战士49岁的健康、英俊的中年人谈吐用现在时而非过去时认为自己19岁，处于1945年顺向性遗忘症（anterogradeamnesia）–对大脑受损之后的事件失去记忆倒退性遗忘症（retrogradeamnesia）3Memory记忆是人脑对过去经验的保持和提取4OutlinesMemoryanditsBiologicalBasisMemoryandInformationProcessingMemoryasaConstructiveandReconstructiveProcessRetrievalandForgettingHowtoImprovingMemory?ChallengestotheInformation-ProcessingModel51TheNatureofMemory61.1BiologicalBasis定位说非定位说(脑均势说）突触生长说记忆分子说（DNA/RNA）记忆的电生理基础（反响回路）脑内代谢物与记忆71.2MemoryandInformationProcessingSensoryregisters不到1秒Short-termmemory(STM)/Workingmemory20－30秒Long-termmemory(LTM)可毕生不忘8记忆的信息加工模型感觉登记STMLTM刺激注意精细复述提取遗忘?维持复述遗忘遗忘行为反应9WorkingMemorySTM,isalsocalledworkingmemory,itfunctionslikeamentalsketchpadonwhichpeoplemakementalnotes,solveproblems,andholdrelevantinformationinconsciousnessforabriefperiod.WorkingmemorycanalsoexistinLTM.101.3ThreechangesofmemorymodelsModules,asetofmemorysystems.Rememberingwithoutinvolvingretrievalintoconsciousness.Notallinformationfollowsthepathofthemodel,further,themodelisnotunidirectional.112SensoryRegistration2SensoryRegistration122.1TheEvidence2.1TheEvidenceGeorgeSperlling(1960)–Tachistoscope:flashingfor15-500ms.Wholereport/Partialreport–Lessthan4ofthe12letters(33%)<==>roughly3outofthe4items(75%)–Partialreportdesign:focusingattentionononepartoftheimagewhileitwasstilliniconicstorage.13PartialReport视觉呈现音调指示反应MQTZ高音RFGA中音NSLC低音N,S,L,C142.2RepresentationMentalrepresentation心理表征–amentalmodelofastimulusorcategoryofstimuli.SensoryRepresentationVerbalRepresentations15表象16SensoryRepresentationIconicstorageForabriefperiodafteranimagedisappearsfromvision,peopleretainamentalimageofwhattheyhaveseen(Foley&Mulhern,1991;Neisser,1967,1976)Thedurationoficonsvariesfromapproximatelyhalfasecondtotwoseconds,dependingontheindividual,thecontentoftheimage,andthecircumstances.Presentinganotherimageorevenaflashoflightdirectlyafterthefirstimagedisappearserasestheoriginalicon.EchoicstorageTwotypesofechoicmemorysystems:speech/nonspeechsounds17SensoryRepresentationMentalmanipulation(Kosslyn,1983;Tye,1991).Cooper&Shepard(1973):rotatingofacapitalRPETscanstudyEideticimagery/photographicmemory18VerbalRepresentationMultiplesensoryandverbalrepresentations==>parallelprocessingofinformationbymodulesinthebrain193Short-TermMemory3Short-TermMemoryCharacteristicsofSTMControllingInformationinSTM203.1CharacteristicsofSTM3.1CharacteristicsofSTMActive–workspace(Peterson&Peterson,1959)RapidlyaccessedPreservedinthesequencepresentedLimitedincapacity–Miller(1956):5-9items–HermannEbbinghaus(1885):Seven-itemlimitnonsensesyllables(pir,vup)AVL,acoustic/verbal/linguisticConrad(1964):V---B,U213.2ControllingInformationinSTMRehearsal–MaintenanceRehearsal:repeatingtheinformationagainandagaintopreventitfromfading.–Elaborativerehearsal:Thinkingabout,orelaborating,theinformationmeaningwhilerehearsing.==>transferringtoLTM.Chunking22Miller(1956)：神奇的7+-2DJIBMNYSEWSJSEC因人、因事而异23ChunkingDJIBMNYSEWSJSECDJIBMNYSEWSJSECdj:Dow-jonesibm:InternationalBusinessMachinesnyse:NewYorkStockExchangewsj:Wal...