恩格斯在马克思墓前的讲话及马克思主义含义和特征 恩格斯在马克思墓前的讲话 "onthe14thofmarch，ataquartertothreeintheafternoon，thegreatestlivingthinkerceasedtothink.hehadbeenleftaloneforscarcelytwominutes，andwhenwecamebackwefoundhiminhisarmchair，peacefullygonetosleep-butforever. "animmeasurablelosshasbeensustainedbothbythemilitantproletariatofeuropeandamerica ， andbyhistoricalscience，inthedeathofthisman.thegapthathasbeenleftbythedepartureofthismightyspiritwillsoonenoughmakeitselffelt. "justasdarwindiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentoforganicnature，somarxdiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentofhumanhistory：thesimplefact，hithertoconcealedbyanovergrowthofideology，thatmankindmustfirstofalleat，drink，haveshelterandclothing，beforeitcanpursuepolitics，science，art，religion，etc.;thatthereforetheproductionoftheimmediatematerialmeansofsubsistenceandconsequentlythedegreeofeconomicdevelopmentattainedbyagivenpeopleorduringagivenepochformthefoundationuponwhichthestateinstitutions，thelegalconceptions，art，andeventheideasonreligion，ofthepeopleconcernedhavebeenevolved，andinthelightofwhichtheymust，therefore，beexplained，insteadofviceversa，ashadhithertobeenthecase. "butthatisnotall.marxalsodiscoveredthespeciallawofmotiongoverningthepresent-daycapitalistmodeofproductionandthebourgeoissocietythatthismodeofproductionhascreated.thediscoveryofsurplusvaluesuddenlythrewlightontheproblem，intryingtosolvewhichallpreviousinvestigations，ofbothbourgeoiseconomistsands第 1 页 共 5 页ocialistcritics，hadbeengropinginthedark. "twosuchdiscoverieswouldbeenoughforonelifetime.happythemantowhomitisgrantedtomakeevenonesuchdiscovery.butineverysinglefieldwhichmarxinvestigated--andheinvestigatedverymanyfields，noneofthemsuperficially--ineveryfield，eveninthatofmathematics，hemadeindependentdiscoveries. "suchwasthemanofscience.butthiswasnotevenhalftheman.sciencewasformarxahistoricallydynamic，revolutionaryforce.howevergreatthejoywithwhichhewelcomedanewdiscoveryinsometheoreticalsciencewhosepr...
