2012 词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1. Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic 波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian 印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族 and Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族 Celtic 凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic 希腊语族, Germanic 日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian 普鲁士语 Lithuanian 立陶宛语 Polish 波兰语 Balto-Slavic 波罗的-斯拉夫语 Czech 捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian 保加利亚语 Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚 Persian 波斯语 Hindi 北印度语 Indo-Iranian 印度伊朗语系 Bengali 孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian 亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic 意大利语族 Italian Roumanian 罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic 凯尔特语 Breton Scottish Norwegian 挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish 丹麦语 Germanic Swedish 瑞典语 日尔曼语言 English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语 - Greek 1 Chapter 1 A General Survey of A Word The Definition of Word • A word is (1) A minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unity of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. A word is a ...
