PART2BIOCHEMICALPHARMACEUTICALS生化制药Unit6IsolationofCaffeinefromTea从茶叶中分离咖啡因Inthisexperiment,Caffeinewillbeisolatedfromtealeaves.在这个实验中,咖啡因会从茶叶中分离出来。Themajorproblemoftheisolationisthatcaffeinedoesnotoccuraloneintealeaves,butisaccompaniedbyothernaturalsubstancesfromwhichitmustbeseparated.分离过程中的主要问题就是,茶叶中不仅仅只有咖啡因,还伴随着需要被分离除去的其他天然物质。Themajorcomponentoftealeavesiscellulose,whichisthemajorstructuralmaterialofallplantcells.茶叶中的主要成分是所有植物细胞中的主要结构材料——纤维素。Celluloseisapolymerofglucose.纤维素是葡萄糖的聚合物。Sincecelluloseisvirtuallyinsolubleinwater,itpresentsnoproblemsintheisolationprocedure.然而纤维素实际上是不溶于水的,所以在隔离的程序上不用考虑去除纤维素。Caffeine,ontheotherhand,iswatersolubleandisoneofthemajorsubstancesextractedintothesolutioncalled"tea”.另一方面,咖啡因是水溶性的,也是萃取到溶液(也就是茶)里的主要物质之一。Caffeinecomprisesasmuchas5percentbyweightoftheleafmaterialinteaplants.咖啡因包含了茶树叶片材料总重的5%之多。Tanninsalsodissolveinthehotwaterusedtoextracttealeaves.丹宁(鞣酸)也溶解于用于萃取茶叶的热水中。Thetermtannindoesnotrefertoasinglehomogeneouscompound,oreventosubstanceswhichhavesimilarchemicalstructure.丹宁一词不是指单个均一的化合物,也不是具有相似化学结构的物质。Itreferstoaclassofcompoundswhichhavecertainpropertiesincommon.它是指某些具有共同属性的化合物的种类。Tanninsarephenoliccompoundshavingmolecularweightsbetween500and3000.丹宁是一类分子质量在500到3000的含酚的化合物。Theyarewidelyusedto"tan”leather.它们被广泛用于鞣革。Theyprecipitatealkaloidsandproteinsfromaqueoussolutions.它们从水溶液中沉淀出生物碱和蛋白质Tanninsareusuallydividedintotwoclasses:thosewhichcanbehydrolyzedandthosewhichcannot.丹宁通常被分为两类:可水解和不可水解。Tanninsofthefirsttypewhicharefoundinteagenerallyyieldglucoseandgallicacidwhentheyarehydrolyzed.在茶中,第一类丹宁水解后通常产生葡萄糖和五倍子酸。Thesetanninsareestersofgallicacidandglucose.这些丹宁是五倍子酸和葡萄糖的酯类。Theyrepresentstructuresinwhichsomeofthehydroxylgroupsinglucosehavebeenesterifiedbydigalloylgroups.它们代表着葡萄糖中的一些羟基被酯化为鞣酰基的结构。Thenon-hydrolyzabletanninsfoundinteaarecondensationpolymersofcatechin.茶中的不可水解的丹宁是儿茶酚的缩合聚合物。Thesepolymersarenotuniforminstructure,butcatechinmoleculesareusuallylinkedtogetheratringpositions4and8.这些聚合物在结构上是不一致的,但儿茶酚分子通常在环的4号和8号位是相连的。Whentanninsareextractedintohotwater,thehydrolyzableonesarepartiallyhydrolyzed,meaningthatfreegallicacidisalsofoundintea.当丹宁被萃取到热水中,可水解的部分水解掉了,意味着茶中还有多余的五倍子酸。Thetannins,byvirtueoftheirphenolicgroups,andgallicacidbyvirtueofitscarboxylgroups,arebothacidic.由于丹宁中含有酚,五倍子酸中含有羧基,所以它们都是酸性的。Ifcalciumcarbonate,abase,isaddedtoteawater,thecalciumsaltsoftheseacidsareformed.如果茶水中加入碳酸钙,这些酸的钙盐就会形成。Caffeinecanbeextractedfromthebasicteasolutionwithchloroform,butthecalciumsaltsofgallicacidandthetanninsarenotchloroformsolubleandremainbehindintheaqueoussolution.咖啡因可以被茶的氯仿溶液萃取,但五倍子酸和丹宁的钙盐是不溶于氯仿的,所以它们会留在水溶液中。Thebrowncolorofateasolutionisduetoflavonoidpigmentsandchlorophylls,aswellastheirrespectiveoxidationproducts.茶水呈现出褐色是由于黄酮类色素和叶绿素,以及它们各...