曼昆经济学定义

Chapte ｒ 1Sc ａ rci ｔ y（缺乏): the limited natur ｅ of s ｏ cie ｔｙ's ｒ esourc ｅ s、Ec ｏ nomics: th ｅ study of ｈ o ｗ soc ｉｅｔｙ manages its s ｃ a ｒ ce r ｅsourc ｅ s、Ｅ ff ｉ c ｉｅ ncy: th ｅ property of soc ｉ et ｙ gettin ｇ ｔ h ｅ most ｉ t ｃ an f ｒ om it ｓ ｓ car ｅ r ｅ sou ｒ ce ｓ、Ｅ qual ｉ ty： the ｐ ro ｐ erty of dist ｒ ibut ｉ ng econ ｏｍｉ c prosper ｉｔ y fai ｒｌ y ａ mo ｎ g ｔ he memb ｅ rs of ｓｏ c ｉｅ ty、Ｏ p ｐ o ｒ tunit ｙ ｃ ost（机会成本）： ｗ h ａ te ｖ e ｒ m ｕ st ｂ e giv ｅ n ｕ p to obta ｉ n s ｏ me ｉ te ｍ、Rati ｏ nal pe ｏ ple: ｐｅ ople ｗ ho sys ｔ e ｍａ tica ｌｌ y ａｎ d pur ｐｏse ｆｕ lly d ｏ th ｅ be ｓ t th ｅｙ can to achiev ｅ th ｅ ir ｏｂ jectives、Marg ｉ n ａ l cha ｎ ges（边际变量）：small in ｃｒ e ｍｅ ntal（增加得） a ｄjustments to a plan of actio ｎ、Ｉｎ centive： so ｍ et ｈｉ n ｇ th ａ t ｉｎ duces a perso ｎ ｔｏ act、Market economy(市场经济）:an econ ｏｍ y tha ｔ ａ llocat ｅ s ｒ esour ｃｅｓ ｔ hro ｕｇ h the ｄ ecentralized decision ｓ o ｆ many firms a ｎｄ h ｏｕseho ｌ d ｓ as t ｈ ey ｉ nter ａ ct in m ａｒ ket ｓ f ｏ r ｇ o ｏｄ s and ser ｖｉc ｅ s、Propert ｙ ri ｇ h ｔ s（产权）： t ｈ e ａ bil ｉ t ｙ of an individual to own and exer ｃ is ｅ ｃ ont ｒ ol o ｖ er ｓｃａ rce re ｓ ources、Market f ａ ilure（市场失灵）:a situ ａ tion ｉ n w ｈ ich ａ market left ｏ n ｉｔ s own fails ｔ o al ｌ o ｃ ate res ｏ urces efficientl ｙ、Ｅ x ｔ er ｎａ l ｉｔｙ（外部性）: the ｉ mp ａｃ t of one ｐ e ｒ son’s ａｃ tions on ｔ he well—ｂ ei ｎ g of ａ ｂ y ｓｔａ n ｄ er、Market power（...