1.LangueandParoleLangueisthesystemofalanguage,thelanguageasasystemofforms,whereasparoleisactualspeech,thespeechactsthataremadepossiblebythesystemofthelanguage.That`sistosay,langueisthesocialproductwhoseexistencepermitstheindividualtoexercisehislinguisticfaculty;parole,ontheotherhand,isthe“executivesideoflanguage”.2.ComparativeLinguisticsAbranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestwoormorelanguagesinordertocomparetheirstructuresandtoshowwhethertheyaresimilarordifferent.Comparativelinguisticsisusedinthestudyoflanguagestypesandincomparativehistoricallinguistics.Itisalsousedbysomeappliedlinguistsforestablishingdifferencesbetweenthelearner’snativelanguageandthetargetlanguageintheareasofsyntax,vocabulary,andsoundsystems.3.Empiricism（经验主义）Anapproachtopsychologywhichstatesthatthedevelopmentoftheorymustberelatedtoobservablefactsandexperiments,orwhichstatesthatallhumanknowledgecomesfromexperience.4.Rationalism（理性主义）ItisanapproachtophilosophyproposedbyChomskyinthe1960s,whichstatesthattheknowledgeisbasedonreasoningratherthanonexperienceofsenses.Inthissense,itisopposedtoempiricism.5.Behaviorism（行为主义）Atheoryofpsychologywhichstatesthathumanandanimalbehaviorcanbestudiedonlyintermsofphysicalprocesses,withoutreferencetomind.Itledtotheoriesoflearningwhichexplainedhowanexternalevent(astimulus)causedachangeinthebehaviorofanindividual(aresponse),basedonahistoryofreinforcement.6.Positivism(实证主义)aphilosophicalmovementthatbeganintheearly19thcentury,characterizedbyanemphasisonthescientificmethodastheonlysourceofknowledgeandadesiretorebuildsocietyonthebasisof“positive”knowledge..7Mentalism（心智主义）Itisthetheorythatahumanbeingpossessesamindwhichhasconsciousness,ideas,etc.,andthatthemindcaninfluencethebehaviorofthebody.8.Morpheme(语素)Itreferstothesmallestmeaningfulunitinalanguage.Amorphemecannotbedividedwithoutalteringordestroyingitsmeaning.9.Deductionandinduction(演绎和归纳)Reasoningbydeductionproceedsfromageneralizationtoparticularfactswhichsupportit,whereasreasoningbyinductioninvolvesmovingfromparticularfactstogeneralizationsaboutthem.10.Linguisticrelativity（语言相对论）Whorfbelievedthatspeakersofdifferentlanguagesperceiveandexperiencetheworlddifferently,relativetotheirlinguisticbackground,hencethenotionoflinguisticrelativity.11.Linguisticdeterminism（语言决定论）AtheoryputforwardbytheAmericananthropologicallinguistsSapirandWhorf,whichstatesthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedbythestructureoftheirnativelanguage.12.Discourseanalysis(话语分析)Thestudyofhowsentencesinspokenandwrittenlanguageformlargermeaningfulunitssuchasparagraphs,conversations,interviews,etc.13.Semiology/Semiotics（符号学）1)thetheoryofsigns.2)theanalysisofsystemsusingsignsorsignalsforthepurposeofcommunication.Themostimportantsemioticsystemishumanlanguage,butthereareothersystems,e.g.signlanguage,trafficsignals.14.Descriptivelinguistics（描写语言学）Descriptivelinguisticsdescribeshowalanguageisactuallyspokenand/orwritten,anddoesnotstateorprescribehowitoughttobespokenorwritten.15.Synchronicanddiachroniclinguistics（共时和历史措施）Diachroniclinguisticsisanapproachtolinguisticswhichstudieshowalanguagechangesoveraperiodoftime,forexamplethechangeinthesoundsystemofEnglishfromEarlyEnglishtoModernEnglish.Diachroniclinguisticshasbeencontrastedwithsynchroniclinguisticswhichisthestudyofalanguagesystematoneparticular...
