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第1页共76页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第1页共76页MapoftheWorldQuestionsGeographyasks:-“Where?”questions(descriptiveinventory)Wherearethingslocated?Whatistheirdistributionacrossthesurfaceoftheearth?-“Why?”and“How?”questions(analyticalapproach)Whyarethingslocatedwheretheyare?Howdodifferentthingsrelatetooneanotherataspecificplace?Howdodifferentplacesrelatetoeachother?Howhavegeographicpatternsandrelationshipschangedovertime?-Whatisgeography?(amoreacademicdefinition)Itisconcernedwithplace,describesthechangingpatternofplaces,andattemptstounravelthemeaningoftheevolvingofsuchpatterns.Itseekstounderstandthephysicalandculturalfeaturesofplacesandtheirnaturalsettingsonthefaceoftheearth.Thespatialdimensioniscentraltogeography.Itusesadistinctivelanguage–thelanguageofmaps.☺PartVI–themostinsightful&enlighteningpartthistableprovides:Geographyhelpsustounderstandtheworld,theearthasitwas,itspasttense,toexploretheworldasitis,itspresenttense,andtothinkoftheworldasitmightbe,itsfuturetense.TheCarnegieReportonHigherEducation(1991)setsforththealmostcertaindangersthatexistintheglobalfutureifwefailtoseetheworldasthus:Theworldhasbecomeamorecrowded,moreinterconnected,morevolatileandmoreunstableplace.Ifeducationcannothelpstudentsseebeyondthemselvesandbetterunderstandtheinterdependentnatureofourworld,theneachgenerationwillremainignorant,anditscapacitytolivecompetentlyandresponsiblywillbedangerouslydiminished.(p.42)Maps1.Somefundamentalconceptsofspaceandlocation1)PropertiesofspaceGeographersconsidervariousdimensionsofspace:One-dimensionalspace,Three-dimensionalspace,Two-dimensionalspacethatcanberepresentedonaplane,Thespatialelementsofpoint,line,andareamaybeusedtodefinethebasicgeographicconceptsofdistance,direction,andconnectivity.第2页共76页第1页共76页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第2页共76页2)TwokindsoflocationAbsolutelocation(site)ispositioninrelationtoaconventionalgridsystem,suchaslatitudeandlongitudeorstreetaddresses;Relativelocation(situation)ispositionwithrespecttootherlocations.Itisameasureofconnectivityandaccessibility,anditusuallychangesovertime.Theconceptofrelativelocationisofgreaterinteresttoeconomicgeographersthanabsolutelocation.2.ThelanguageofmapsCartographers&Cartography–agraphicportrayaloflocation1)Scale2)ParallelsofLatitude&MeridiansofLongitudeBothlatitudeandlongitudearemeasuredindegrees,minutes,andseconds.Equator–alatitudeof0Allotherlatitudinallinesareparalleltotheequatorandtoeachotherandthereforearecalledparallels.Everypointonagivenparallelhasthesamelatitude.Placesnorthoftheequatorareinnorthlatitude;orv.s.southlatitude.TheNorthPoleis90N;theSouthPole90S.Placesneartheequatorareinlowlatitude;Placesnearthepoles,highlatitude.TheTropicofCancer,at23.5N,andtheTropicofCapricorn,at23.5S.TheArcticCircle,at66.5N,andtheAntarcticCircle,at66.5S.Placesbetweentropicandcirclelinesaresaidtobeinmiddlelatitude.MeridianofGreenwichorprimemeridian–alongitudeof0Meridiansoflongitudearestraightlinesconnectingthepoles.Everymeridianisdrawnduenorthandsouth.Theyconvergeatthepolesandarefarthestapartattheequator.Placeseast(west)oftheprimemeridianareineast(west)longitude.Themeridianof180,exactlyhalfwayaroundtheworldfromtheprimemeridian,istheotherdividinglinebetweenplaceseastandwestofGreenwich.Thecombin...