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第1页共7页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第1页共7页BC1750TheSumeriansbrewbeer.500TheChineseusemoldysoybeancurdsasanantibiotictotreatboils.250TheGreekspracticecroprotationtomaximizesoilfertility.100PowderedchrysanthemumisusedinChinaasaninsecticide.AD:Beforethe20thCentury1590ThemicroscopeisinventedbyJanssen.1663CellsarefirstdescribedbyHooke.1675Leeuwenhoekdiscoversprotozoaandbacteria.1797Jennerinoculatesachildwithaviralvaccinetoprotecthimfromsmallpox.1802Theword"biology"firstappears.1824Dutrochetdiscoversthattissueiscomposedoflivingcells.1830Proteinsarediscovered.1833Thecellnucleusisdiscovered.Thefirstenzymesareisolated.1855TheEscherichiacolibacteriumisdiscovered.Itlaterbecomesamajorresearch,development,andproductiontoolforbiotechnology.Pasteurbeginsworkingwithyeast,eventuallyprovingtheyarelivingorganisms.1863Mendel,inhisstudyofpeas,discoversthattraitsweretransmittedfromparentstoprogenybydiscrete,independentunits,latercalledgenes.Hisobservationslaythegroundworkforthefieldofgenetics.1869MiescherdiscoversDNAinthespermoftrout.1877AtechniqueforstainingandidentifyingbacteriaisdevelopedbyKoch.1878ThefirstcentrifugeisdevelopedbyLaval.Theterm"microbe"isfirstused.第2页共7页第1页共7页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第2页共7页1879Flemmingdiscoverschromatin,therod-likestructuresinsidethecellnucleusthatlatercometobecalled"chromosomes."1883Thefirstrabiesvaccineisdeveloped.1888ThechromosomeisdiscoveredbyWaldyer.AD:FirstHalfofthe20thCentury1902Theterm"immunology"firstappears.1906Theterm"genetics"isintroduced.1907Thefirstinvivocultureofanimalcellsisreported.1909Genesarelinkedwithhereditarydisorders.1911Thefirstcancer-causingvirusisdiscoveredbyRous.1914BacteriaareusedtotreatsewageforthefirsttimeinManchester,England.1915Phages,orbacterialviruses,arediscovered.1919Theword"biotechnology"isfirstusedbyaHungarianagriculturalengineer.1920ThehumangrowthhormoneisdiscoveredbyEvansandLong.1927MullerdiscoversthatX-rayscausemutation.1928Flemingdiscoverspenicillin,thefirstantibiotic.1938Theterm"molecularbiology"iscoined.1941Theterm"geneticengineering"isfirstusedbyaDanishmicrobiologist.1942Theelectronmicroscopeisusedtoidentifyandcharacterizeabacteriophage-avirusthatinfectsbacteria.1943AverydemonstratesthatDNAisthe"transformingfactor"andisthematerialofgenes.1944DNAisshowntobethematerialsubstanceofthegene.1949Paulingshowsthatsicklecellanemiaisa"moleculardisease"resultingfromamutation.第3页共7页第2页共7页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第3页共7页1950to19601951McClintockdiscoverstransposableelements,or"jumpinggenes,"incorn.1953WatsonandCrickrevealthethree-dimensionalstructureofDNA.1954Cell-culturingtechniquesaredeveloped.1955Anenzymeinvolvedinthesynthesisofanucleicacidisisolatedforthefirsttime.1956ThefermentationprocessisperfectedinJapan.KornbergdiscoverstheenzymeDNApolymeraseI,leadingtoanunderstandingofhowDNAisreplicated.1957Sicklecellanemiaisshowntooccurduetoachangeofasingleaminoacid.1960Exploitingbasepairing,hybridDNA-RNAmoleculesarecreated.MessengerRNAisdiscovered.1961Thegeneticcodeisunderstoodforthefirsttime.1964Theexistenceofreversetranscriptase(RT)ispredicted.1967Thefirstautomaticproteinsequencerisperfected.1969Anenzymeissynthesizedinvitroforthefirsttime.1970s1970Specificrestrictionnucleasesareidentified,openingtheway...