大学化工专业英语Lesson-1VIP免费

ChemicalEngineeringChemicalengineeringisthedevelopmentofprocessesandthedesignandoperationofplantsinwhichmaterialsundergochangesinphysicalorchemicalstateonatechnicalscale.化学工程是过程的开发和工厂的设计与操作，在工厂中材料以某种技术规模进行的物理或化学状态的变化。Appliedthroughouttheprocessindustries,itisfoundedontheprinciplesofchemical,physics,andmathematics.它建立在化学、物理和数学的原则上，适用于整个流程工业。Thelawsofphysicalchemistryandphysicsgovernthepracticabilityandefficiencyofchemicalengineeringoperations.物理化学和物理定律支配着化工业务的实用性和效率。Energychanges,derivingfromthermodynamicconsiderations,areparticularlyimportant.能量的变化，从热力学考虑派生，显得尤其重要。Mathematicsisabasictoolinoptimizationandmodeling.数学是一个优化和建模的基本工具。Optimizationmeansarrangingmaterials,facilities,andenergytoyieldasproductiveandeconomicalanoperationaspossible.优化意味着合理安排材料、设备和能源，尽可能生产经济多产的操作。Modelingistheconstructionoftheoreticalmathematicalprototypesofcomplexprocesssystems,commonlywiththeaidofcomputers.建模是将复杂过程系统建设出其理论数学原型的过程，通常需要借助电脑完成。Chemicalengineeringisasoldastheprocessindustries.化学工程和过程工业一样古老。Itsheritagedatesfromthefermentationandevaporationprocessesoperatedbyearlycivilizations.其遗产起源于早期文明的发酵和蒸发过程。Modernchemicalengineeringemergedwiththethedevelopmentoflarge-scale,chemical-manufacturingoperationsinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.在19世纪下半叶，随着大规模的化学制造业操作的发展，现代化学工程出现了。Throughoutitsdevelopmentasanindependentdiscipline,chemicalengineeringhasbeendirectedtowardsolvingproblemsofdesigningandoperatinglargeplantsforcontinuousproduction.化学工程作为一门独立的学科，纵观其发展过程，它已经朝向解决设计问题和经营连续生产的大型工厂的问题。Manufactureofchemicalsinthemid-19thcenturyconsistedofmodestcraftoperations.在19世纪中叶，化工生产由小型的手工操作组成。Increaseindemand,publicconcernattheemissionofnoxiouseffluents,andcompetitionbetweenrivalprocessesprovidedtheincentivesforgreaterefficiency.需求的增加，公众对有害物质排放的关注，和与对手的竞争过程为创造更高效率提供了激励机制。Thisledtotheemergenceofcombineswithresourcesforlargeroperationsandcausedthetransitionfromacrafttoascience-basedindustry.这导致了更大的操作与资源相结合的联合工厂的出现，引起了从手工业到一个以科学为基础的产业（科技工厂）的过渡。Theresultwasademandforchemistswithknowledgeofmanufacturingprocesses,knownasindustrialchemistsorchemicaltechnologists.其结果是应了具有制作过程知识的化学家的要求，这是为工业化学家或化工技师所知晓的Thetermchemicalengineerwasingeneralusebyabout1900.化学工程师一词广泛应用了约1900年。Despiteitsemergenceintraditionalchemicalsmanufacturing,itwasthroughitsroleinthedevelopmentofthepetroleumindustrythatchemicalengineeringbecamefirmlyestablishedasauniquediscipline.尽管出现在传统的化学品制造中，但它的价值却是通过其在石油工业——这门由化工工程牢固建立成的独立学科来实现的。Thedemandforplantscapableofoperatingphysicalseparationprocessescontinuouslyathighlevelsofefficiencywasachallengethatcouldnotbemetbythetraditionalchemistormechanicalengineer.工厂的需求是能够高效连续地进行物理分离过程的操作，这是传统的化学家或工程师无法迎接的挑战。Alandmarkinthedevelopmentofchemicalengineeringwasthepublicationin1901ofthefirsttextbookonthesubject,byGeorgeE.Davis,aBritishchemicalconsulta...