1.必修五Unit1JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”约翰·斯诺击败“霍乱王”JohnSnowwasafamousdoctorinLondon-soexpert,indeed,thatheattendedQueenVictoriaasherpersonalphysician.约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholera.但他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。Thiswasthedeadlydiseaseofitsday.霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病，Neitheritscausenoritscurewasunderstood.人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。Somanythousandsofterrifiedpeoplediedeverytimetherewasanoutbreak.每次霍乱暴发时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓死去。JohnSnowwantedtofacethechallengeandsolvethisproblem.约翰·斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。Heknewthatcholerawouldneverbecontrolleduntilitscausewasfound.他知道，在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。Hebecameinterestedintwotheoriesthatpossiblyexplainedhowcholerakilledpeople.斯诺对霍乱致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣。Thefirstsuggestedthatcholeramultipliedintheair.Acloudofdangerousgasfloatedarounduntilitfounditsvictims.一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖着，像一股危险的气体到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者为止。Thesecondsuggestedthatpeopleabsorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.第二种看法是人们在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的。Fromthestomachthediseasequicklyattackedthebodyandsoontheaffectedpersondied.病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。JohnSnowsuspectedthatthesecondtheorywascorrectbutheneededevidence.斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的，但他需要证据。SowhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854,hewasreadytobeginhisenquiry.因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱的时候，约翰·斯诺着手准备对此进行调研。Asthediseasespreadquicklythroughpoorneighbourhoods,hebegantogatherinformation.当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，约翰·斯诺就开始收集资料。Intwoparticularstreets,thecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.他发现特别在两条街道上霍乱流行的很严重，在10天之内就死去了500多人。Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.他决心要查明其原因。Firsthemarkedonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthedeadpeoplehadlived.首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的地方。Thisgavehimavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.这提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。ManyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallynumbers16,37,38and40).许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近（特别是这条街上16、37、38、40号）。Healsonoticedthatsomehouses(suchas20and21BroadStreetand8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.他发现有些住宅（如宽街上20号和21号以及剑桥街上的8号和9号）却无人死亡。Hehadnotforeseenthis,sohemadefurtherinvestigations.他以前没预料到这种情况，所以他决定深入调查。Hediscoveredthatthesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.他发现，这些人都在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工，Theyhadbeengivenfreebeerandsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.而酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵抽上来的水。Itseemedthatthewaterwastoblame.看来水是罪魁祸首。Next,JohnSnowlookedintothesourceofthewaterforthesetwostreets.接下来，约翰·斯诺调查了这两条街的水源情况。HefoundthatitcamefromtheriverpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon.他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。HeimmediatelytoldtheastonishedpeopleinBroadStreettoremovethehandlefromthepumpsothatitcouldnotbeused.他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。这样，水泵就用不成了。Soonafterwardsthediseasesloweddown.不久，疫情就开始得到缓解。Hehadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsan...
