过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即“过去的过去(past-in-the-past)”。----|----------------|--------------|------------>一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点那时以前那时现在构成:主语+助动词had+过去分词(v-ed)1.Theyhadalreadyhadbreakfastbeforetheyarrivedatthehotel.2.Bynineo’clockyesterdayeveninghehadn’tgothome.3.--Hadyouknownanythingaboutourschoolbeforeyoucamehere?--Yes,Ihad./No,Ihadn’t.4.Whathadyoursisterbeenbeforeshebecameanactress?二、过去完成时的判断依据1.由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如:WhenIgottothestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.(1)状语从句中(2)宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。如:Shesaidthatshehadseenthefilmbefore.Theyexplainedwhathadhappened.2.由时间状语来判定一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:(1)by+过去的时间点。如:Ihadfinishedreadingthenovelbynineo'clocklastnight.(2)bytheendof+过去的时间点。如:WehadlearnedovertwothousandEnglishwordsbytheendoflastterm.(3)before+过去的时间点。如:TheyhadplantedsixhundredtreesbeforelastWednesday.3.根据上、下文来判定。ImetWangTaointhestreetyesterday.Wehadn'tseeneachothersincehewenttoBeijing.Hefeltrathertiredbecausehehadworkedforthewholenight.Workouttherule:Ifwewanttotalkabouttwopastactionsinasentence,thepastperfecttenseisusedforthe(earlier,later)action.earlier1.Millieranbacktoschoolbecauseshehadlefthermagazineintheclassroom.Whathappenedfirst?a.Millieranbacktoschool.b.Millielefthermagazineintheclassroom.2.Simonleftschoollatebecausethefootballgamehadstartedlate.Whathappenedfirst?a.Simonleftschoollate.b.Thefootballgamestartedlate.3.Danielarrivedoutofbreath---hehadgonetothewrongcinema.Whathappenedfirst?a.Danielarrivedoutofbreath.b.Danielwenttothewrongcinema.4.Amyhadlostherpurseandhadtogotothepolicestation.Whathappenedfirst?a.Amylostherpurse.b.Amywenttothepolicestation.过去完成时典型错误例析:1.昨晚我们看了电影。a.Wehadseenthefilmyesterdayevening.b.Wesawthefilmyesterdayevening.过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”,只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它。如果时间只是一个单纯的过去时间,则句子只能用一般过去时,而不用过去完成时。2.当我到达那儿时,电影已经放了五分钟了。a.ThefilmhasbeenonforfiveminuteswhenIgotthere.b.ThefilmhadbeenonforfiveminuteswhenIgotthere.在过去某一时间或动作之前发生或完成了的动作,要用过去完成时。它的动作的起点为过去,终点也为过去,即“过去的过去”。而现在完成时的动作起点为过去,终点则为现在。3.到上学期末,他们已学会了五首英语歌曲。a.Bytheendoflastterm,theyhavelearnedfiveEnglishsongs.b.Bytheendoflastterm,theyhadlearnedfiveEnglishsongs.bytheendoflastterm意为“到上学期末为止”,显然它是“以过去某一时间为终点的”,故只能用过去完成时态,不用现在完成时态。4.他昨天见到了Bill,他们已有两年没见面了。a.HesawBillyesterday.Theyhaven’tmeteachotherfortwoyears.b.HesawBillyesterday.Theyhadn’tmeteachotherfortwoyears.“他们没见面”是到“昨天”为止的(而不是到现在为止),是过去的过去,故后一个句子需使用过去完成时态进行表达。5.李梅很高兴,因为她...