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LOGOLinguisticenvironmentofsecondlanguageacquisitionContentsNoticinghypothesis1Outputhypothesis2Feedback3NoticinghypothesisTheprocessoflearningimplicitknowledgeNoticinghypothesisSupportivestudiesofNHLeow(1997,2000)Crosswordpuzzletasktomanipulatethefocusoflearners’attentionThosewhoexhibitedahigherlevelofawareness(“understanding”)learnedthemost;Thosewhonoticedinstancesbutattemptednogeneralizationlearnednextmost;Therewasnolearningintheabsenceofnoticinginstances.NoticinghypothesisObjectionsofNHTruscott"thefoundationsofthehypothesisincognitivepsychologyareweak""thehypothesisisnotbasedonanyrationaltheoryoflanguage"(1998,p.104).ContentsNoticinghypothesis1Outputhypothesis2Feedback3OutputhypothesisBackgroundProposedbyMerrillSwaininresponsetoKrashen’scomprehensibleinputhypothesisExperiment:backin1985,MerrillSwainstudiedchildrenlearningFrenchinanimmersioncontextinCanadaDiscovery:whiletheircomprehensionwasgood,theirproductiveskillswerenotverystrong.TheyhadbeengivenlotsofwhatKrashencalls‘comprehensibleinput’,but,sheconcluded,theyhadnotbeengivenenoughopportunitytousethelanguagethemselves.OutputhypothesisWhatisComprehensibleOutputHypothesis?Thedemandsofproducingcomprehensibleoutput‘push’learnersaheadintheirdevelopment.OutputhypothesisSummary:abletoproduce→wanttoproduceTobeunderstoodInternalizationModificationLimitedabilityGapNeedtocommunicate(Negotiatingofmeaning)NoticingInteractionfeedbackOutputhypothesisThreefunctions:1.NoticingfunctionsThelearnerrealizeswhattheydonotknoworonlypartiallyknow.Theyknowwhattheywanttosaybutareunabletocommunicateit.Thisisdonethroughpractice,verballycommunicatinginthesecondlanguageintheclassroom.abletosay-------gap----------wanttosay→theirlimitsOutputhypothesisThreefunctions:2.Hypothesis-testingfunction(假设检验）Itiswhenthelearnerprovidesstatementrealizingthatthegrammarisnotalwayscorrectandtheyreceivefeedbackinordertoimprove.Thisenablesthelearnertoreformulatetheirstatements.Interactionwithintheclassroomwithteacherandpeerscanassistthelearnertoimprovetheirgrammar.（reconstruction)Output---incorrectforms------------------reformulationInteractionandfeedbackOutputhypothesisThreefunctions:3.Metalinguisticfunction(元语言功能）Thelearnerreflectsuponthelanguagelearnedandthisenablesthemtocontroltheiroutputandinternalizetheirlinguisticknowledge.Afterthefirsttwofunctions,thestudentshouldbeabletointernallyreflectonwhattheyhavelearned.元语言：学习者所具有的“关于语言”的知识总和，即他们通过反思和分析语言所得到的关于语言的形式、结构及语言系统其他方面知识的雏形。ContentsNoticinghypothesis1Outputhypothesis2Feedback3FeedbackCorrectivefeedbackDefinedbyLightbownandSpada(1999)as:Anyindicationtothelearnersthattheiruseofthetargetlanguageisincorrect.ItmainlyconcernedaboutthefivequestionsframedbyHendrickson(1978)inhisreviewoffeedbackonerrorsinforeignlanguageclassrooms:a)Shouldlearners'errorsbecorrected?b)Whenshouldlearners'errorsbecorrected?c)Whicherrorsshouldbecorrected?d)Whoshoulddothecorrecting?e)Howshoulderrorsbecorrected?Thesefivequestionsalsoserveastheframeworkofthisstudy’sresearchquestions.Feedbackstudiesabroade)Howtocorrecttheerrors?LysterandRanta(1997)summedup6maintypesoferrorcorrectionExplicitcorrectionNegotiationofform(Negotiatedcorrection)-clarificationrequest-prompt-meta-ling...