Phonetics■Phoneticsisthescienceofspeechsounds.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguage.Alanguageconsistsofthreeimportantelements,namely,speechsound,vocabularyandgrammar.Speechsoundisthematerialformonwhichwordandgrammarrelyforexistence.Englishphoneticscoversthearticulation,classificationandcombinationoftheEnglishspeechsounds.Italsodealswiththelawsoftheirchanges,therulesofstressesandtheintonationinEnglishspeech.■Tohavegoodpronunciationmeans(1)topronouncecorrectlyallthespeechsoundsofthelanguageandallthecombinationsintheirproperordernotonlyinisolatedwords,butalsoinsentences(2)topronouncesentencesfluentlyatthespeedrequiredbythesituation,withcorrectstresses,linkingofsounds,rhythm,pausesandintonation.■StandardEnglishpronunciationEnglishisalanguagewhichismostwidelyusedintheworld.Itspronunciationvariesagreatdealindifferentgeographicalareas.ThusEnglishhasanumberofdialectsandaccents,suchasGA(GeneralAmerican),GB(GeneralBritish).Theyhavefarmoresimilaritiesthandifferences.ThusRP(ReceivedPronunciation)issortofEnglishbasedontheLondondialectandusedbyeducatedpeopleinsouthernEngland.ItisthepronunciationusedbytheannouncersofBBCandalsowidelyusedthroughoutEnglish-speakingcountries.Phonetictranscription国际音标Onesymbolrepresentsonesoundandneveranyother.■Onesoundisoftenspeltinanumberofdifferentways:pitybusyprettywomen--[i]■Oneletteroftenstandsfordifferentsoundsindifferentwords.Chinafatherbadany--a[a:e]■Manylettersaremutesounds.knockdoubt--[k][b]■Thesamespellingmayhavetwodifferentpronunciationsaccordingtodifferentmeanings.bowtear■Wordsspeltindifferentwaysmayhavethesamepronunciation.[pi:s]-piecepeace■Phoneme(basicsound):phonemeisthesmallestphoneticunitoflanguage.Itisdistinctive.voiced/b/bee,baby/d/order,day/g/sugar,bag/v/very,river/z/lazy,zoo/”usually,pleasure/d/rather,together/dz/needs,spades/dr/hundred,drivervoiceless/p/paper,picture/t/water,tomorrow/k/kick,worker/f/different,fashion/s/sister,east///wash,shop/0/nothing,both/ts/students,boots/tr/country,true>classificationaccordingtotheplaceofarticulation■phonemecandistinguishonewordfromanotherbymeaningeg.fat[fat]fit[fit]feet[fi:t]■phonemecandistinguishthegrammaticalformofthesameword.manmentoothteethwalkswalkedcomecame■classificationofspeechsounds--consonants(28)>classificationaccordingtotheworkofvocalcords■1.bi-labial(twolips)双唇音/p//b//m//w/■2.labio-dental(topteeth/bottomlip)唇齿音/f//v/■3.dental(tonguetip/topteeth)齿音/e//s/■4.alveolar(tonguetip/toothridge)齿龈音/t//d//s//z//ts//dz//n//l/■5.post-alveolar(tonguetipormid/hardpalate)后齿龈音/r//tr//dr/■6.palato-alveolar(bladeofthetongue/hardpalate)硬腭齿龈音/tj//d”/J//”■7.palatal(tonguemid/hardpalate)硬腭音/j/■8.velar(tongueback/softpalate)软腭音/k//g//q/■9.glottal声门音/h/>classificationaccordingtomannerofarticulation■1.Stops(orplosives)爆破音[p][b][t][d][k][g]■2.Fricatives摩擦音[f][v][s][z][][][][][h]■3.Affricates破擦音[ts][dz][t][d][tr][dr]■4.Nasals鼻音[m][n][]■5.Lateral舌侧音[l]■6.Frictionlesscontinuant无摩擦延续音[r]■7.Semi-vowels半元音[w][j]■vowels(20)rmonophthongs(12)diphthongs(8)■vowels(20)■monophthongs(12)/i:/,/i/,/e/,/关/,/a:/,/o/,/□:/,/u/,/u:/,/A/,/a/,/9/■diphthongs(8)/ei/,/9u/,/ai/,/au/,/oi//i9/,/89/,/u9/■Lossofplosion(incompleteplosion)Whenaplosiveconsonantisimmediatelyfollowedbyanotherplosive,onlythesecondplosiveisfullyexploded,buttheclosureishe...
