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Paraphrase（改述）STEP1Readtheoriginalpassageseveraltimesuntilyouunderstanditfully.Lookupunfamiliarwords,andfindsynonymsforthem.Ifyouneedtotakenotes,writedownonlyoneortwowordsforeachidea--notcompletesentences.STEP2Writeyourparaphrasefrommemory.Includeasmuchoftheinformationasyouremember.Don'tlookattheoriginalwhileyouarewriting.STEP3Checkyourparaphraseagainsttheoriginalforaccuracyandcompleteness.Ifnecessary,addpointsyouhavemissed.STEP4Namethesourceoftheoriginalpassageinparenthesesattheendofyourparaphrase.Summaries（总结）STEP1Readtheoriginalpassageseveraltimesuntilyouunderstanditfully.Lookupunfamiliarwords,andfindsynonymsforthem.Ifyouneedtotakenotes,writedownonlyoneortwowordsforeachidea-notcompletesentences.STEP2Writeyoursummaryfrommemory.Includeimportantpointsandomitunnecessarydetails.Don'tlookattheoriginalwhileyouarewriting.Rememberthatyourgoalinwritingasummaryistorestatethemainideasinasfewwordsaspossible.STEP3Checkyoursummaryagainsttheoriginalforaccuracy.STEP4Putoutthesourceoftheoriginalpassageinparenthesesattheendofyoursummary.MODELOriginalPassage:Languageisthemainmeansofcommunicationbetweenpeoples.Butsomanydifferentlanguagehavedevelopedthatlanguagehasoftenbeenabarrierratherthanaidtounderstandingamongpeoples.Formanyyears,peoplehavedreamedofsettingupaninternational,universallanguagewhichallpeoplecouldspeakandunderstand.Theargumentsinfavorofauniversallanguagearesimpleandobvious.Ifallpeoplesspokethesametongue,culturalandeconomictiesmightbemuchcloser,andgoodwillmightincreasebetweencountries.Paraphrase:Humanscommunicatethroughlanguage.However,becausetherearesomanylanguagesintheworld,languageisanobstacleratherthanaidtocommunication.Foralongtime,peoplehavewishedforaninternationallanguagethatspeakersallovertheworldcouldunderstand.Auniversallanguagewouldcertainlybuildculturalandeconomicbonds.Itwouldalsocreatebetterfeelingsamongcountries.Summary:Peoplecommunicatemainlythroughlanguage;however,havingsomanydifferentlanguagescreatescommunicationbarriers.Somethinkthatoneuniversallanguagewouldbringcountriestogetherculturallyandeconomicallyandalsoincreasegoodfeelingsamongthem.PRACTICEArtificialLanguagesSincethetimeofDescartes,itisestimatedthatnofewerthanfivehundredattemptshavebeenmadetocreateartificiallanguagesforinternationaluse.ThemostsuccessfulbyfarhasbeenEsperanto,alanguageconstructedaroundtheendofnineteenthcenturybyDr.ZamenhofofPoland.Esperantoisalanguagethatisextremelyeasytolearnandspeak,withitswordsdrawnmainlyfromEnglish,German,theRomancelanguages,Latin,andGreek.AmorerecentarrivalontheinternationalsceneisInterlingua,scientificallyconstructedbyagroupoflanguageexpertsoutofLatin,theRomancelanguages,andEnglish.ButwhereasEsperantohasalargebodyofpeoplewhoactuallyspeakitscatteredthroughouttheworld,Interlinguahasnotyetachievedmuchpopularity.Notes:Esperanto:from16thcentury--unsuccessfulattemptstocreateartificiallanguages--endof19thcentury--EsperantocreatedbyDr.Zamenhof,Poland--Esperantoeasytolearn,speak--createdfromEnglish,Romancelanguages,German.Interlingua:internationalscientificlanguage--composedofLatin,Romancelanguages,German--InterlinguanotaspopularasEsperanto.Paraphrase:Sincethe16thcentury,manyattemptsweremadetoconstructinternationalartificiallanguages.Theninthelate19thcentury,Dr.ZamenhofofPolandcreatedEsperanto,usingvocabularyfromEnglish,German,andtheRomancelanguages.Esperantoise...