Unit10GrammarFocusReadthefollowingsentences.Howlonghaveyouhadthatbikeoverthere?I’vehaditforthreeyears.Howlonghashissonownedthetrainandrailwayset?He’sowneditsincehisfamousbirthday.Haveyoueverplayedfootball?Yes,IdidwhenIwaslittle,butIhaven’tplayedforawhilenow.现在完成时表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始、一直持续到现在,多与“since+点时间”或“for+段时间”连用。for表示“经过(一段时间)”,而since表示“自从(……以来)”。常见结构如下:现在完成时---since和for的用法for+表示一段时间的状语一段时间+agosince+表示过去的某一时间点从句来看几个例句吧:Hehaslivedherefor16years.他住在这里有十六年了。Hehaslivedheresince16yearsago.他从十六年前起就住在这里了。Hehaslivedheresince1991.他从1991年起就住在这里了。Hehaslivedheresincehewasborn.他从出生起就住在这里。在对现在完成时的时间状语进行提问时,我们常用howlongHowlonghaveyouplayedbasketball?Howlonghaveyoubeencollectingshells?---HowlonghasMarybeenateacher?---Sincetwoyearsago.介词for短语表示一个时间段,指某个动作或情况到现在为止已持续了多久;since作为介词,接一个时间名词;作为连词,引导一个时间状语从句(从句动词一般是短暂性动词)。since表示“自…以来”,指某个动作或情况从过去某一点时间一直持续到现在,因此,与for或since引出的时间状语连用的句子(或主语)谓语动词必须是延续性的。英语中有些动词的意义不能延续,表示的是一瞬间就结束的动作,这些动词被称为非延续性动词或短暂性动词,常见的如come,leave,go,lose,see,begin,start,arrive,become,die,buy,borrow,close,join,reach,fall,getup等。这类动词可以用于完成时态,但在肯定句中不能与表示动作延续的时间状语for或since短语连用。如:正:Hehascomeback.他已回来。误:Hehascomebackforthreedays.若要表示“他回来已三天了”这样的意思,可以将动词改为延续性动词,或改变时间状语,或改用别的句型等,如译为:Hehasbeenbackforthreedays.(改变谓语动词)Hehasbeenbacksincethreedaysago.(改变谓语动词)Hecamebackthreedaysago.(改变时间状语及动词时态)It’sthreedayssincehecameback.(改变句型)come,go,begin,start,become,join,end,die,buy,arrive,reach,borrow,lend,gettoknow等这些短暂性动词如果要谈论一个动作发生在过去某个时间点,我们可以使用ago或一般过去时。如:KittyhasleftBeijingfortwodays.KittyleftBeijingtwodaysago.KittyhasbeenawayfromBeijingfortwodays.Kittyhasboughtherpursesincelastyear.Kittyboughtherpurseayearago.Kittyhashadherpurseforayear.√√√√在表示持续一段时间的句子中,应将短暂性动词转化为相同意义的延续性动词或状态动词。初中英语中常见的有:短暂性动词延续性动词go,leave,movearrive,come,reachjoin,becomebuy,get(得到)beaway(off),beoutofbehere,bein+某地bein,bea(an)+n.havefallill(asleep)finish,endbegin,startbegintolearn(work,read,rain)gooutgetupborrowgettoknowdielosebeill(asleep)beoverbeonlearn,work,read,rainbeoutbeupkeepknowbedeadbelost短暂性动词延续性动词非延续性动词用于完成时态,在肯定句中不能与for或since引出的短语(或句子)连用,但在否定句中是可以的,因为一个非延续性动词一旦被否定即成为状态,而状态总是可以延续的。如:Ihaven’tseenhimforalongtime.我很久没见到他了。Hehasn’tcomehereforsometime.他有段时间没来了。Ihaven’theardfromhersincesheleft.自她离开以后,我一直没收到她的来信。4a4aRewritethesentencesusingfororsince.1.JimisinJapan.Hearrivedtherethreedaysago.2.Theyareveryhungry.Theirlastmealwastenhoursago.3.Ihaveacamera.Iboughtitin2009.JimhasbeeninJapanforthreedays.Theyhavenoteatenfortenhours.Ihavehadacamerasince2009.4.IknowAnn.Ifirstmetherthreeyearsago.5.Lindaisill.ShebecameillonMonday.IhaveknownAnnaforthreeyears.LindahasbeenillsinceMonday.4b4bFillin...