BriefSummaryofStylisticsGeneralStylisticsisthesciencewhichexploreshowreadersinteractwiththelanguagesoftextsinordertoexplainhowweunderstandandareaffectedbytextswhenwereadthem.Thestylisticmainlyconcernsabouttheexaminationofgrammar,lexis,semantics,aswellasphonologicalpropertiesanddiscursivedevices.It’sdevelopingandnotcometomaturitynow.Accordingtodifferentstandards,thestylisticsmainlydivideintotwomajortypes：linguisticstylisticsandliterarystylistics.Andtherearemanyschoolofstylisticssuchaslingvo-stylistics,literarystylistics,appliedstylistics,contrastivestylistics,appliedstylisticsandsoon.Inthebasicnotionsofstylistics,the通述文体学是为一门教我们怎么更好的使用语言的一门学科，主要关注语法，词汇，语义，语音特征和表达手段。文体学目前是不完善的，处于发展阶段。根据不同的标准，文体学分为两大类：普通文体学和文学文体学.并且文体学有许多不同的学派，如形式文体学，话语文体学，文学文体学，应用文体学，社会文体学，认知文体学，比较文体学等。在文体学的基本概念中，expressivemeansandthestylisticdevicesshouldbenoticed.Expressivemeansofthelanguageareunitsofdifferentlanguagelevels:phonetic,morphological,word-building,syntactic,lexical,phraseological,whichservethepurposeoflogicalandemotionalintensificationoftheutterances.Astylisticdeviceisageneralizedpattern,whichactivatesaconsciousandintentionalintensificationofacertainpropertyofalanguageunit,designedtoachieveaparticularartisticeffect.Stylisticsoriginsfromtheancientclassicalrhetoric,especiallytherhetoricofAristotle.ButthemodernstylisticsrootsinRussianFormalismandtherelatedPragueSchooloftheearlytwentiethcentury.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,thefamouspersonofstylisticsisCharlesBallyandinthelatetwentiethcenturyisRomanJakobson.值得注意的是表达方式和文体手段。表达方式是表述特定内容所使用的特定的语言方法，手段。文体手段为达成特定的艺术效果所普遍认可的特定组合。文体学起源于古老的经典修辞学，特别是亚里士多德的修辞论.但现代文体学起源于俄罗斯的形式主义和20世纪早期的相关的布拉格学派。20世纪早期的代表人物是法国的巴特利，20世纪晚期的则是罗曼雅各布森。ItisclearthattheStylisticshasmuchcontactswithRhetoric,.Rhetoricistheartofdiscourse,anartthataimstoimprovethecapabilityofwritersorspeakerstoinform,persuade,ormotivateparticularaudiencesinspecificsituations.ItsbestknowndefinitioncomesfromAristotle,whoconsidersitacounterpartofbothlogicandpolitics,andcallsit“thefacultyofobservinginanygivencasetheavailablemeansofpersuasion.”RhetoricAboutthehistoryofRhetoric,RhetorichasitsoriginsinMesopotamia.AndInancientEgypt,rhetorichadexistedsinceatleasttheMiddleKingdomperiod.TheEgyptiansheldeloquentspeakinginhighesteem,anditwasaskillthathadaveryhighvalueintheirsociety.文体学和修辞学密不可分。修辞，是依据题旨情景，运用各种表现手段方法，对语言材料进行加工，提高语言表达效果的一种活动，而研究这种提高语言表达效果规律的科学，就叫做修辞学。西方修辞学发展史上，真正将修辞界定为一门学科的人是亚里士多德，他将修辞学界定为”在每一件事上发现可用的说服手段的能力。”修辞学修辞起源于美索不达米亚.在古埃及，修辞学自中王国时期就存在，古埃及人关注雄辩，认为修辞学在社会生活中具有重大价值。The“Egyptianrulesofrhetoric”alsoclearlyspecifiedthat“knowingwhennottospeakisessential,andveryrespected,rhetoricalknowledge.”Their“approachtorhetoric”wasthusa“balancebetweeneloquenceandwisesilence.”Theirrulesofspeechalsostronglyemphasized“adherencetosocialbehaviorsthatsupportaconservativestatusquo”andtheyheldth...
