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RenaissanceEnglishLiteratureHistoricalbackground16thcentury--aperiodofthebreakingupoffeudalrelationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationsofcapitalismEngland–anabsolutemonarchyReligiousReformation--endtheruleoftheCatholicChurch--kingasboththeheadofChurchandtheheadofstateProtestantism--theofficialnationalreligionHenry8(aTudorMonarch)QueenElizabeth–thesummitofabsolutemonarchyElizabethanage:--progressofbourgeoiseconomy--victoryintheSpanishWar--commercialexpansionabroad--developmentofartandliterature--anunsettledtime:peasants’uprisingsTheRenaissanceAtransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworldBetweenthe14thandmid-17thcenturyRenaissance:rebirth,revivalEmphasisonthenewlydiscoveredGreekandRomanclassics;thereintroductionintoWesternEuropeofthefullculturalheritageofGreeceandRomeEssence:getridoftheoldfeudalideas;introducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisieHumanism:keynoteofRenaissance(individualism)1.Athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature2.Thekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity--exalthumannature--dignityofhumanbeings--importanceofthepresentlife--therighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife--therebelliousspiritagainstfeudalruleandecclesiasticaldominationTheIdeaoftheRenaissanceLiteraryfeaturesLyricalpoetry:England:anestofsingingbirds--variety,freshness,youthfulness,romanticfeeling--ThomasWyatt:sonnet--HenryHoward:blankverse--SirPhilipSidney:popularizesonnetsequence--EdmundSpencer:“thepoets’poet”SirPhilipSidney（1554-1586）SonnetAstrophelandStella阿斯特罗菲尔和斯黛拉阿斯特罗菲尔：爱星星的人Latin斯黛拉：天上之星CriticsDefenseofPoetry诗辩--EdmundSpencer:“thepoets’poet”(1552-1599)TheFaerieQueene(anallegory)1589-1596TheShepheardesCalendar(aneclogue)1579Spenserianstanza:8iambicpentameter,1iambichexameterTheFaerieQueenlyricsAmoretti爱情小唱1591-15951595Epithalamion婚后曲1596Prothalamion婚前曲Fourhymns四首赞美歌1596---ChristopherMarlowHeroandLeander1)ataleoftwotragiclovers(RomeoandJuliettype)2)mainidea:loveatfirstsightstar-crossedlove“ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove”mainidea:ashepherdinviteshislovetolivewithhimSonnetlyricpoemof14lineswithaformalrhymeschemeexpressingdifferentaspectsofasinglethought,mood,orfeeling,sometimesresolvedorsummedupinthelastlinesofthepoem.Originallyshortpoemsaccompaniedbymandolinorlutemusic,sonnetsaregenerallycomposedinthestandardmeterofthelanguageinwhichtheywerewritten—forexample,iambicpentameter.TwoMainFormsoftheSonnet1.thePetrarchan,orItalian,sonnetThePetrarchansonnetconsistsofanoctave(eight-linestanza)andasestet(six-linestanza).Rhymescheme:abbaabba,cdecde2.theEnglish,orShakespearean,sonnetexemplifiedbytheworksofWilliamShakespearerhymescheme:abab,cdcd,efef,ggShakespeare’ssonnetsThesonnetsdescribethedevotionofaperson,oftenidentifiedasShakespearehimself,toayoungmanwhosebeautyandvirtuehepraisesandtoamysteriousandfaithlessDarkLadywithwhomthepoetisinfatuated.1)Threegroups:Thefirst126sonnetsareaddressedtotheyoungnobleman.Inthefirst17sonnetsthepoeturgestheyoungmantomarryandbegetchildrenwhowillpreservehisbeautyinanewgeneration,sincehisyouthwillfade.Sonnets18to126areabouttheyoungman.Thepoetenjoyshisfriendshipandisfullofadmirationpromisingtobestowimmortalitytotheyoungmanbythepoemshewritesinhishonor.Sonnets127to152aremostlyaddressedtotheDarkLady.Amarriedwomanwithdarkhairandcomplexion.2)signi...