原文：JobSecurityintheBuildingIndustryAndHighQualityLow-RentHousingThisarticleisconcernedwiththelaborandtheurbanrenewalaspectsoftheproblemsofjobsecurityinthebuildingindustryandhighqualitylow-renthousing.TheauthorisanassistantUnitedStatesattorneyintheSouthernDistrictofNewYork.HESUPREMECOURTDECISIONthatcollectivebargainingagreementsinthebuildingtradesmaypermitemployeestore-fusetoworkonprefabricatedmaterialsfocusesattentionontheproblemofjobsecurityinthebuildingindustry—andhowitcanbeprotectedatthesametimethathighqualityhousingatlowrentsisprovidedforthosenotnowabletoobtainit.GroupsInvolvedinThisProblemBuildingtradesemployeesarevitallyconcernedaboutthesecurityoftheirjobswhichmaybethreatenedbybuildingmethodswhichuselesslabor.Thisconcerncomesontopofjobinsecurityduetotheupsanddownsofconstruction,theseasonalnatureofsometypesofconstructionwork,andthefactthatthereisusuallynopermanentemployer,butmerelyjobsonparticularpiecesofconstructionwork.1Citizenslivinginovercrowdedordilapidatedhousingwhocannotaffordtopayluxuryapartmentrentsarevitallyaffectedbythehighlevelofbuildingcosts.Thisisparticularlytrueofthosewhoseaccesstothehousingmarketislimitedbyracialdiscrimination.Allcitizensinmetropolitanareasareaffectedbyblightcausedinpartbysubstandardhousing,whichifnoteliminated,tendstospread.Taxpayersarenecessarilyaffectedbytheamountofhousingwhichcanbeobtainedinreturnforpublicinvestmentinhousingprograms.Thenationasawholeisaffectedbothbythedegreetowhichhighandsteadyemploymentatgoodratesofpaycanbeassuredinmajorindustriesofwhichconstructionisoneofthemostimportant,andbythedegreetowhichtheproblemsofourcentralcitiescanbeeffectivelydealtwithforthebenefitofallandasanexamplepertinenttothestruggleformen'smindsthroughouttheworld.Thevitalcharacterofeachoftheseinterestsisclear.Theimportanceofjobsecuritytoemployeeshardlyneedsunderlining.Andoneoftheprimarypurposesoftradeunionismhasalwaysbeentopromotejobprotection.Thisfunctionisparticularlycrucialinthebuildingindustrybecauseofseasonalandotherchangesin2constructionactivityandtheabsenceofanysinglelong-termemployerfortheparticularemployee.Employeesinwidelydifferingindustrieshavereactedtothethreatposedbyjobinsecurityinavarietyofways,including:Formalandinformalrestrictiosontheamountofworkanemployeemaydoinorderthattheemployeesdonot"workthemselvesoutofajob,"adangerwhichcanaffectthelivelihoodofeachmemberofthegroup;Refusaltoworkonprefabricatedmaterialswhichposeathreattojobsortoutilizetechnologicaldevicessuchaspaintrollerswhichmighteliminatetheneedforlabor;Useofinfluencetoobtainlegislationrequiringstandardsofvariouskindswhichmaximizetheamountoflaborneeded—ofwhichthe"fulcrewlaws"intherailroadfieldareanexample;Inclusionofrestrictionsinunionlawsandconstitutionsdealingwithwhoistobeallowedtodoparticulartypesofworkandhowitistobedone;Limitationsofvariouskindsonthepossibilityofoutsideemployeescompetingforscarcejobs;Effortstocompensateforperiodsoflackofavailabilityofwork,includingseasonalslackperiods,byobtaininghighhourlywageratesforworkperformed.3GovernmentActionUnsuccessfulGovernmentalactionhasbeenattemptedfromtimetotimetobreakupthesepractices,butithasnotbeenaccompaniedbyanysubstitutemeansofassuringjobsecuritytotheem,ployeesinvolved.Perhapsinpartforthisreason,ithasprovedunsuccessful.''Ontheotherhand,inseveralindustriesindifferentsituations,waysofprotectingemployeesthreatenedwi...
