英汉词汇的社会文化内涵对比语言与文化•语言–即语音、语法、词汇。是文化的组成部分，是文化的最重要的载体，全面储存着文化的整体信息。而词汇更是承担着负载文化的主要任务。敏感地反映着社会生活。•文化–是语言的内涵、交际的具体内容。文化意识是语言交际的思维基础。许多文化凝聚于词汇之中。–文化形态差异反映到语言层面就是语言差异。•不同的语言有不同的文化背景。了解英语国家文化是学好英语的主要环节。下面探讨英语词和汉语词的语义差别。1、某些事物和概念在一种语言里只有一种表达方式，而在另一种语言里则又多种表达方式。GenerictermNameformaleNameforfemaleNamefortheyoungChickenCock,roosterHenChickDuckDrakeDuckDucklingGooseGanderGooseGoslingHorseStallionMareFoalCattleBullCowCalfPigBoarSowShoatDogDogBitchPuppySheepRamEweLambdeerstagdoefawn•并非所有动物都要用特殊名称来区分雌雄。人们对某些特殊名称并不熟悉。要用不常见的区分雌雄的词时，常用bull或cow，cock或hen来代替。•公海豹bullseal•母海豹cowseal•公象bullelephant•母象cowelephant•公野鸡cockpheasant•母野鸡henpheasant•公麻雀cocksparrow•母麻雀hensparrow•也可用male、female、she再加上原名。如•公豹maleleopard•母熊猫femalepanda•母狼shewolfChineseTermsinEnglishExamplesinEnglish副Vice-Vice-chairman,vice-presidentAssociateAssociateprofessor,associatedirectorAssistantAssistantmanager,assistantsecretaryunderDeputyDeputydirector,deputychief-ofstaffUndersecretary(ofU.S.)lieutenantLieutenantgovernor,lieutenantgeneral2、在一种语言里有些词在另一语言里没有对应词夏练三伏，冬练三九Insummerkeepexercisingduringthehottestdays；Inwinterdothesamethingduringthecoldestweather。•Cadre（干部）•Official官员；行政人员；高级职员人•Functionary机关工作人员；官员•Administrator行政官员•按道教的宇宙观，阴和阳是两种力量，这两种力量的本质产生了宇宙，保持宇宙和谐。“阴”表示黑暗、雌性、消极的。“阳”表示光明、雄性、积极的。•InChinesephilosophy,medicine,yin,thefeminineornegativeprincipleinnature;yang,themasculineorpositiveprincipleinnature.•节气solartrems•冰糖葫芦candiedhawsonastick•炕aheatablebrickedbed•秤steelyard•风水•客气•关系上火•Itwaspackedlikesardines.•timeclockcarpoolAmbitionprivacy3、在两种语言里，某些词语表面上指同一事物或概念，其实各自另有所指。•知识分子Intellectual•Lover•Firstlady•籍贯•busboy•大忙人•改善生活•restroom•highschool•servicestation•4、有些词的基本意义大致相同，但派生意义的区别却很大。•政治家(politician\statesman)•Idealist唯心主义者•Shehasalwaysbeenanidealist.Soyoucanunderstandwhysheturneddownagoodjoboffertoworkamongrefugeeimmigrantsandlow-incomegroupsaftershegotherdegreeinsocialsindies.•materialist唯物主义者•Quitefrankly，Iamamaterialist。Ihavegotagood-payingjobandIwanttokeepit。IhaveboughtanewhomenearWestlake，andmywifeandIwanttoenjoythecomfortsoflife。IhadahardtimewhenIwasakidandIdon‘twanttogothoughallthatagain。•Thankyou!DenotationandConnotation•Denotativemeaningoftheword“mother”is“thefemaleparent”.•Connotativemeaningoftheword“mother”istheassociationsweusuallyhavewiththeword—“maternallove”,“care”,“tenderness”,etc.•Sowecanhavethesentence“theyoungteacherislikemothertothekids”.MeaningofWords•Culturaldifferencesinlexicalmeaningoccuronbothlevelsofdenotativemeaningandconnotativemeaning.3.CulturalDifferencesinConnotativeMeanings①Wordswithsamedenotationbutdifferentconnotationse.g.colorwords,animalwords②Wordswithconnotationsinonelanguagebutnoneintheothere.g.plantslikepinetree,bamboo,plumblossome.g.numbers1...
