独立主格结构独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。With(without)的复合结构可以看作是独立主格结构中的一种形式。一、独立主格结构的特点1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词二、独立主格结构的构成:名词普通格或代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。1．名词（或代词）+现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。Heseatinghimselfatthedesk,hismotherbegantotellhimastory.Everyonebeingready,theteacherbeganhisclass.Thefoodbeingcooked,theboywaswatchingTV.注意：现在分词being或havingbeen在独立主格结构中可以省略。Theweather（being）fine,wedecidedtogoonanouting.独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“Therebeing+名词”结构中，Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。ItbeingSunday,alltheofficesareclosed.2．名词（或代词）+不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。Hesuggestedgoingforapicnic,Marytoprovidethefood.Manyflowersandgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.3．名词（或代词）+过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。1Thegirlslayonherback,herhandscrossedunderherhead.Theworkersworkedstillharder,theirlivingconditionsgreatlyimproved.Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.4．名词（或代词）+形容词（短语）形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态Thefloorwet,wehadtostayoutsideforawhile.Heturnedtome,hiseyessleepy.5．名词（或代词）+副词副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。Themeetingover,weallwenthome.Schoolover,weallwenthome.6．名词（或代词）+介词短语Arobberburstintotheroom,knifeinhand.Helefttheoffice,tearsineyes.注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分。但with的复合结构不受此限制。例如：Theteachercamein,withabookinhishand.三、独立主格结构的作用：多用作状语1.表示时间Hishomeworkdone（=Afterhishomeworkwasdone），Marydecidedtogoshopping.2.表示原因Therebeingnobuses（=Becausetherewerenobuses），wehadtowalkhome.3.表示条件Weatherpermitting（=Ifweatherpermits），we’llgotoplaybasketball.4.表示方式或伴随Hesatatthetable,headdown.l动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，l动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，l动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。Themanagerlooksworried，manythingstobesettled.Themanagerlooksrelaxed,manythingssettled.Themanlaythere,hishandstrembling.四、With(without)的复合结构的构成以及句法功能（一）、with/without+宾语+宾语补足语构成复合结构的几种情况:21.with+名词/代词+形容词Hedoesn’tliketosleepwiththewindowsopen.=Hedoesn’tliketosleepwhenthewindowsareopen.注意：在“with+名词/代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。Withhissonsodisappointing，theoldmanfeltunhappy.Withhisfatherwell-known,theboydidn’twanttostudy.2.with+名词/代词+副词Theboywaswalking,withhisfatherahead.=Theboywaswalkingandhisfatherwasahead.3.with+名词/代词+介词短语Hestoodatthedoor,withacomputerinhishand.=Hestoodatthedoor,andacomputerwasinhishand.4.with+名词/代词+动词过去分词Withhishomeworkdone,Peterwentouttoplay.=Whenhishomeworkwasdone,Peterwentouttoplay.5.with+名词/代词+现在分词Thegirlhidherboxwithoutanyoneknowingwhereitwas.=Thegirlhidherboxandnooneknewwhereitwas.Withoutanyonenoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.=Whennoonewasnoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.6.with+名词/代词+动词不定式Thelittleboylookssad,withsomuchhomeworktodo.=Thelittleboylookssadbecausehehassomuchhomeworktodo.（二）、With(without)的复合结构的句法功能：定语和状语1.Thereisamagazinewithamoderngirlonitscover.(定语)2.Hestoodintherain,withhisclotheswet.=Hestoodintherain,andhisclotheswerewet.(伴随状语)3Thekidfeelsexcitedwithsomanyplacesofinteresttovisit.=Thekidfeelsexcitedastherearesomanyplacesofinteresttovisit.（原因状语）4．Withthesignalgiven,thetrainstarted.=Afterthesignalwasgiven,thetrainstarted.（时间状语）3
