Unit2CommunicativePrinciplesandActivities10.Theultimategoalofforeignlanguageteachingistoenablethestudentstousetheforeignlanguageinworkorlifewhennecessary.11.ThegoalofCLTThegoalofCLTistodevelopstudents'communicativecompetence,12.Communicativecompetence:Competencesimplymeansknowledgeofthelanguagesystem:grammaticalknowledgeinotherwords.13.Hymes(1979),communicativecompetenceincludesfouraspects:1)knowingwhethersomethingisformallypossible(grammaticallyacceptable),whichisroughlyequivalenttoChomsky'slinguisticcompetence交流内容是否规范2)knowingwhethersomethingisunderstandabletohumanbeings;3)knowingwhethersomethingisinlinewith与、、、有关socialnorms;4)knowingwhethersomethingisinfactdone:Dopeopleactuallyuselanguagethisway?14.Basedontheconceptofcommunicativecompetenceandaimingatdevelopingsuchcompetence,communicativelanguageteachinghasthefollowingfeatures:1)Itstressestheneedtoallowstudentsopportunitiesforauthenticandcreativeuseofthelanguage.2)Itfocusesonmeaningratherthanform.3)Itsuggeststhatlearningshouldberelevanttotheneedsofthestudents.4)Itadvocates提倡task-basedlanguageteaching.Studentsshouldbegiventaskstoperformorproblemstosolveintheclassroom.5)Itemphasizesafunctionalapproachtolanguagelearning(i.e.whatpeopledowithlanguage,suchasinviting,apologizing,greetingandintroducing,etc.).15.RichardsandRodgers(1986:72)threeprinciplesofCommunicativelanguageteaching1)Communicationprinciple:Activitiesthatinvolverealcommunicationpromotelearning.2)Taskprinciple:Activitiesinwhichlanguageisusedforcarryingoutmeaningfultaskpromotelearning.3)Meaningfulnessprinciple:Languagethatismeaningfultothelearnersupportshelearningprocess.16.Littlewood’s(1981)classificationofcommunicativeactivities:1).Functionalcommunicativeactivities:2).Socialinteractionactivities:(1).Functionalcommunicativeactivities:~Identifyingpictures~Discoveringidenticalpairs~Discoveringsequencesorlocations~Discoveringmissinginformation~Discoveringmissingfeatures~Discovering"secrets"~Communicatingpatternsandpictures~Communicativemodels~Discoveringdifferences~Followingdirections~Reconstructingstory-sequences~Poolinginformationtosolveaproblem(2).Socialinteractionactivities:~Role-playingthroughcueddialogues~Role-playingthroughcuesandinformation~Role-playingthroughsituationandgoals--Role-playingthroughdebateordiscussion~Large-scalesimulationactivities~Improvisation17.Ellis(1990)haslistedsixcriteriaforevaluatingcommunicativeclassroomactivities:1).Communicativepurpose:2).Communicativedesire:3).Content,notform:4).Varietyoflanguage:5).Noteacherintervention:
