博士生入学考试英语试卷(2007)•:*•I.ReadingComprehension(40%)Readeachpassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfallow.Choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgiven:Passage1Throughtheyears,ourviewofwhatleadershipisandwhocanexerciseithaschangedconsiderably.Leadershipcompetencieshaveremainedconstant,butourunderstandingofwhatitis,howitworks,andthewaysinwhichpeoplelearntoapplyithasshifted.Wedohavethebeginningsofagenera)theoryofleadership、fromhistoryandsocialresearchandaboveallfromthethoughtsofreflectivepractitionerssuchasMoses,JuliusCaesar,andJamesMadison,andinourowntimefromsuchdisparatesourcesofwisdomasGandhi,WinstonChurchill,MaoTse-tung,andHenryKissinger,whohaveverylittleincommonexceptthattheyhavenotonlybeentherebuttriedwithsomefairnesstospeculateonpaperaboutit.Buttalesandreflectiveobservationarenotenoughexcepttoconvinceusthatleadersarephysicallystrongandabnormallyhardworkers・Todaywearealittleclosertounderstandinghowandwhopeoplelead,butitwasn'teasygettingthere・Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelastseventy-fiveyearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations・Neverhavesomanylaboredsolongtosaysolittle.Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist,eachprovidingafragmentofinsightbuteachremaininganincompleteandwhollyinadequateexplanation.Mostofthesedefinitionsdon*tagreewitheachother,andmanyofthemwouldseemquiteremotetotheleaderswhoseskillsarebeingexamined・2Definitionsreflectfashions,politicaltidesandacademic3trends.Theydon'talwaysreflectrealityandsometimestheyjustrepresentnonsense.IfsasifwhatBraqueoncesaidaboutartisalsomattersinartisthepartthatcannotbeexplained.11Manytheoriesofleadershiphavecomeandgone・Somelookedattheleader.Somelookedatthesituation.Nonehasstoodthetestoftime.Withsuchatrackrecord,itisun...
