一、 非谓语动词作定语和状语 (一)综述 非谓语动词是指动词不定式、动名词和分词。它们是动词的非限定形式。在句子中它们起着一些特殊的作用。一般来说,动词不定式可充当除谓语以外的其他各种成分;动名词只可作句子的主语、定语、宾语和补语;分词只能作定语、表语、状语及补语。即使是作同一种成分,不同非谓语形式之间仍然存在差异。不定式作状语时,可表示目的、原因、结果和方式等;分词作状语不仅可以表示原因、结果、方式,还可以表示时间、条件、伴随情况及让步等。 非谓语动词的时态、语态的表达形式见下表: 时态 不定式 动名词 分词 现在分词 过去分词 一般时 to do doing Being done done 完成时 to hav e done hav ing done Hav ing done ---- 进行时 to be doing ---- ---- ---- 完成进行时 to hav e been done hav ing been doing Hav ing been doing ---- 时态 不定式 动名词 分词 现在分词 过去分词 一般被动式 To be done Being done Being done ---- 完成被动式 To hav e been done Hav ing been done Hav ing been done ---- (二)重点 1. 动词不定式 不定式是指带to 的动词原形(使用中有时不带to),在句中起形容词或副词的作用,可以作定语和状语。 (1)作定语 ①动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系,如果该不定式是不及物动词,其后有必要的介词。例如: He’s a pleasant fellow to work with. There’s nothing to worry about. ②有些名词后长跟不定式作定语。例如:time, reason, chance, right, ability, willingness, need, anxiety, wish, plan等。例如: Women should have the right to receive education. There is no time to hesitate. ③the first, the second, the last, the best等之后用不定式做定语。例如: The monitor will be the first to come. He was the last man to blame. (2)作状语 ①作目的状语 不定式作状语时,其动作发生在谓语动词之后,一般置于句子末尾。但是,如果表示强调,亦可置于句首。其否定形式为:在不定式符号前加not。例如: He went to Shanghai to visit his parents. To save the earth, we must prevent the earth from being polluted. I shut the door quietly, so...