1. 语言的普遍特征： 任意性arbitrariness 双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构 多产性productivity 移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西 文化传播性cultural transmission 2。语言的功能： 传达信息功能informative 人济功能：interpersonal 行事功能：Performative 表情功能：Emotive 寒暄功能：Phatic 娱乐功能recreatinal 元语言功能 metalingual 3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支 语音学Phonetics 音位学 phonology 形态学 Morphology 句法学 syntax 语义学 semantics 语用学 pragmatics 4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure 提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语 5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky 提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance 1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language: a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing. c. we can u se language to refer to something not present d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before. 2.What is the most important function of language? a. interpersonal b. phatic c. informative d.metallingual 3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __ a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative 4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __ a saussure b. halliday c. chomsky d. the prague school 5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole? a. saussure b. chomsky c. halliday d anomymous 第二节 语音学 1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords 和三个回声腔组成 2.辅音consonant： there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract. 3.辅音的发音方式 爆破音 complete obstruction 鼻音 ...
