在判例中不断演进的法律

在判例中不断演进的法律——美国反托拉斯法中州行为原则的发展历程胡旭东摘要：州行为原则是美国反托拉斯法的一个重要组成部分，其作用在于处理联邦反托拉斯法与州的管制之间的冲突。经由半个多世纪的发展，现行州行为原则由三部分构成：州立法机关和州最高法院以立法者身份限制竞争时，直接豁免于反托拉斯审查；地方政府和州的其他下属政治单位遵照一项清晰表述的州政策而限制竞争时，可得到州行为豁免；私方当事人的反竞争行为在得到州的授权并被州主动加以监督时，亦可豁免于反托拉斯审查。关键词：州行为原则 反托拉斯法 管制 ABSTRACT ： As an important part of American antitrust laws, state action doctrine is designed to deal with the conflicts between federal antitrust laws and state regulations. After the development more than half a century, current state action doctrine consists of three parts: the first, state legislatures and state supreme courts in legislative capacity restricting competition enjoy Ipso Facto exemption from federal antitrust scrutiny; the second, if local governments and other state subordinate political entities would have restricted competition pursuant to a clearly articulated state policy, they could obtain state action immunity; the third, the anticompetition conducts carried out by private parties would be also immune from federal antirust liability, if they could have gained state’s legislative authority and could have been actively supervised by certain state regulatory agency. key words：State Action Doctrine, Antitrust Law, Regulation州行为原则（state action doctrine），1亦称州行为豁免（state action immunity）、2州行为反托拉斯豁免（antitrust immunity for state action、 3 State Action Antitrust Immunity4 ） 、 州 行 为 免 责 （ state action exemption ） 、 5 Parker 原 则 （ Parker doctrine）、Parker 豁免（Parker immunity），6其作为一项处理联邦反垄断法与州管制之间冲突的司法原则，7确立于 1943 年美...