中 英 文 对 照 外 文 翻 译 (文档含英文原文和汉字翻译) Deep E x ca v a t ion s ABSTR ACT ： All major topics in the design of in-situ retaining systems for deep excavations in urban areas are outlined. Type of wall, water related problems and water pressures, lateral earth pressures, type of support, solution to earth retaining walls, types of failure, internal and external stability problems. KEYW OR DS: deep excavation; retaining wall; earth pressure; INTR O DUCTION Numbers of deep excavation pits in city centers are increasing every year. Buildings, streets surrounding excavation locations and design of very deep basements make excavations formidable projects. This chapter has been organized in such a way that subjects related to deep excavation projects are summarized in several sections in the order of design routine. These are types of in-situ walls, water pressures and water related problems. Earth pressures in cohesionless and cohesive soils are presented in two different categories. Ground anchors, struts and nails as supporting elements are explained. Anchors are given more emphasis compared to others due to widespread use observed in the recent years. Stability of retaining systems are discussed as internal and external stability. Solution of walls for shears, moments, displacements and support reactions under earth and water pressures are obtained making use of different methods of analysis. A pile wall supported by anchors is solved by three methods and the results are compared. Type of wall failures, observed wall movements and instrumentation of deep excavation projects are summarized. 1. TYPES OF EARTH R ETAINING WAL L S 1.1 Introduction More than several types of in-situ walls are ...
