s`建筑环境设计建筑被动式热环境设计(向外发的资料)宿斌博士Tel8154321ext7847,Fax8154343,bsu@unitec.ac.nz,Room2042DBuildingoneChapter1ClimateandBuildingThermalDesign第一节气候和建筑热设计1.1MainClimaticTypesforBuildingThermalDesign建筑热设计的主要气候类型Theprocessofidentifying,understandingandcontrollingclimaticinfluencesatthebuildingsiteisperhapsthemostcriticalpartofbuildingdesign.Thekeyobjectivesofclimaticdesigninclude:可能在建筑设计中最关键的就是对建筑基地气候影响的认识，理解和控制的过程。气候设计的主要宗旨包括：Toreduceenergyconsumptionandcostofabuilding减少能源浪费和建筑造价Touse"naturalenergy"insteadofmechanicalsystemandpowe用自然能源来取代人工机械系统Toprovidecomfortableandhealthenvironmentforpeople为人们提供健康舒适的环境Forthepurposesofbuildingthermaldesignintheparticularlocation,theclimatesarecommonlyclassifiedasfourbasicclimatetypes(seeFigure1):为了达到在特殊地区建筑热设计的目的，气候通常被分为四个基本的类型（见表1）：Coldclimate(cool),冷气候Temperateclimate(moderate),温带（四季分明）气候Hot-dryclimate(arid)干热气候Warm-humidclimate(humidtropic).湿热气候Incoldclimate,themainproblemisthelackofheat（热量缺乏）(underheating),oranexcessiveheatdissipation（过多的热量损耗）forallormostpartsoftheyear.Intemperateclimate,thereisaseasonalvariationbetweenunderheatingandoverheating,butneitherisverysevere.Inhot-dryclimate,themainproblemisoverheating,buttheairisdry,sotheevaporativecoolingmechanism（蒸汽冷却装置）ofthebodyisnotrestricted.Thereisusuallyalargediurnal(day-night)temperaturevariation.Inwarm-humidclimates,theoverheatingisnotasgreatasinhot-dryareas,butitisaggravatebyveryhighhumidity,restrictingtheevaporationpotential.Thediurnaltemperaturevariationissmall.冷气候，主要的问题是全年或一年的大部分中热量缺乏，或者过度的热量损耗温带气候，在热量不足和过热之间有季节的变换，但并不会过度。干燥气候，主要是过热，但是空气是干燥的，所以身体的蒸汽冷却装置是不受限制的。并且通常有很大的昼夜温差。湿热气候，不像干热气候那么热，但非常高的湿度恶化了气候，它限制了可能的蒸发作用。昼夜温差很小。Figure1Climatezonesforbuildingthermaldesign表1：建筑热设计气候分区1.1.1ColdClimate:冷气候Coldregionsaredefinedastheregionswithaveragetemperaturesduringthewintermonthsbelowfreezing0Candwithcooltocomfortablesummerconditions.Insuchregionsthemainclimaticdesignconcernsaretominimiseheatingenergyinthebuildings,preventdiscomfortfromdrafts,andminimisecolddiscomfortoutdoors.Summercomfortissuesintheseregionsareminorincomparisonwithwinterproblemsanditisassumedthatjustgoodventilationcanensureindoorcomfort.冷气候被定义为，冬季各月的平均气温低于0度并且夏季凉爽的地区。在这些地区气候设计主要关注于减小用于建筑加热的能量，阻止穿堂风带来的不舒适并且减小户外的冷空气进入。夏季的舒适性问题和冬季比起来是次要的，辅助的，并且大家认为只要有好的通风换气就能保证室内的舒适。Outdoorcolddiscomfortisstronglyaffectedbythewindspeedwhich,togetherwiththeairtemperature,determinestheso-calledwind-chill.Hencetheimportanceofwindprotectioninopenpublicspacessuchasstreets,winterplaygrounds,andparkswithwinteractivities.室外冷的不舒适度主要是被风速所影响，再加上空气温度，决定了所谓的寒风因此公共空间如街道，冬季运动场和带有冬季活动的公园的风的保护是很重要的。NortheastChina,NorthEuropean,Russia,Canada,UnitedStates.中国东北，北欧，俄罗斯，加拿大，美国。1.1.2TemperateClimate:温带气候Regionswithcoldwintersandhot-humidsummersarefoundmai...
