恩格斯在马克思墓前的讲话及马克思主义含义和特征恩格斯在马克思墓前的讲话"onthe14thofmarch，ataquartertothreeintheafternoon，thegreatestlivingthinkerceasedtothink.hehadbeenleftaloneforscarcelytwominutes，andwhenwecamebackwefoundhiminhisarmchair，peacefullygonetosleep-butforever."animmeasurablelosshasbeensustainedbothbythemilitantproletariatofeuropeandamerica，andbyhistoricalscience，inthedeathofthisman.thegapthathasbeenleftbythedepartureofthismightyspiritwillsoonenoughmakeitselffelt."justasdarwindiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentoforganicnature，somarxdiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentofhumanhistory：thesimplefact，hithertoconcealedbyanovergrowthofideology，thatmankindmustfirstofalleat，drink，haveshelterandclothing，beforeitcanpursuepolitics，science，art，religion，etc.;thatthereforetheproductionoftheimmediatematerialmeansofsubsistenceandconsequentlythedegreeofeconomicdevelopmentattainedbyagivenpeopleorduringagivenepochformthefoundationuponwhichthestateinstitutions，thelegalconceptions，art，andeventheideasonreligion，ofthepeopleconcernedhavebeenevolved，andinthelightofwhichtheymust，therefore，beexplained，insteadofviceversa，ashadhithertobeenthecase."butthatisnotall.marxalsodiscoveredthespeciallawofmotiongoverningthepresent-daycapitalistmodeofproductionandthebourgeoissocietythatthismodeofproductionhascreated.thediscoveryofsurplusvaluesuddenlythrewlightontheproblem，intryingtosolvewhichallpreviousinvestigations，ofbothbourgeoiseconomistsands第1页共5页ocialistcritics，hadbeengropinginthedark."twosuchdiscoverieswouldbeenoughforonelifetime.happythemantowhomitisgrantedtomakeevenonesuchdiscovery.butineverysinglefieldwhichmarxinvestigated--andheinvestigatedverymanyfields，noneofthemsuperficially--ineveryfield，eveninthatofmathematics，hemadeindependentdiscoveries."suchwasthemanofscience.butthiswasnotevenhalftheman.sciencewasformarxahistoricallydynamic，revolutionaryforce.howevergreatthejoywithwhichhewelcomedanewdiscoveryinsometheoreticalsciencewhosepracticalapplicationperhapsitwasasyetquiteimpossibletoenvisage，heexperiencedquiteanotherkindofjoywhenthediscoveryinvolvedimmediaterevolutionarychangesinindustryandinhistoricaldevelopmentingeneral.forexample，hefollowedcloselythedevelopmentofthediscoveriesmadeinthefieldofelectricityandrecentlythoseofmarceldeprez."formarxwasbeforeallelsearevolutionist.hisrealmissioninlifewastocontribute，inonewayoranother，totheoverthrowofcapitalistsocietyandofthestateinstitutionswhichithadbroughtintobeing，tocontributetotheliberationofthemodernproletariat，whichhewasthefirsttomakeconsciousofitsownpositionanditsneeds，consciousoftheconditionsofitsemancipation.fightingwashiselement.andhefoughtwithapassion，atenacityandasuccesssuchasfewcouldrival.hisworkonthefirstrheinischezeitung（1842），theparisvorw。rts。（1844），br。sselerdeutschezeitung（1847），theneuerheinischezeitung（1848-49），thenewyorktribune（1852-61），andinadditiontotheseahostofmilitantpamphlets，workinorganisationsinparis，brusselsandlondon，andfinally，crowningall，theformationofthegreatinternationalworkingmen'sassociation--第2页共5页thiswasindeedanachievementofwhichitsfoundermightwellhavebeenproudevenifhehaddonenothingelse."and，consequently，marxwasthebest-hatedandmostcalumniatedmanofhistime.governments，bothabsolutistandrepublican，deportedhimfromtheirterritories.bourgeois，whetherconserva...
