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InternationalJournalofRockMechanicsandMiningSciencesAnalysisofgeo-structuraldefectsinflexuraltopplingfailureAbbasMajdiandMehdiAminiAbstractThein-siturockstructuralweaknesses,referredtohereinasgeo-structuraldefects,suchasnaturallyinducedmicro-cracks,areextremelyresponsivetotensilestresses.Flexuraltopplingfailureoccursbytensilestresscausedbythemomentduetotheweightoftheinclinedsuperimposedcantilever-likerockcolumns.Hence,geo-structuraldefectsthatmaynaturallyexistinrockcolumnsaremodeledbyaseriesofcracksinmaximumtensilestressplane.Themagnitudeandlocationofthemaximumtensilestressinrockcolumnswithpotentialflexuraltopplingfailurearedetermined.Then,theminimumfactorofsafetyforrockcolumnsarecomputedbymeansofprinciplesofsolidandfracturemechanics,independently.Next,anewequationisproposedtodeterminethelengthofcriticalcrackinsuchrockcolumns.Ithasbeenshownthatifthelengthofnaturalcrackissmallerthanthelengthofcriticalcrack,thentheresultbasedonsolidmechanicsapproachismoreappropriate;otherwise,theresultobtainedbasedontheprinciplesoffracturemechanicsismoreacceptable.Subsequently,forstabilizationoftheprescribedrockslopes,somenewanalyticalrelationshipsaresuggestedfordeterminationthelengthanddiameteroftherequiredfullygroutedrockbolts.Finally,forquickdesignofrockslopesagainstflexuraltopplingfailure,agraphicalapproachalongwithsomedesigncurvesarepresentedbywhichanadmissibleinclinationofsuchrockslopesandorlengthofallrequiredfullygroutedrockboltsaredetermined.Inaddition,acasestudyhasbeenusedforpracticalverificationoftheproposedapproaches.KeywordsGeo-structuraldefects,In-siturockstructuralweaknesses,Criticalcracklength11.IntroductionRockmassesarenaturalmaterialsformedinthecourseofmillionsofyears.Sinceduringtheirformationandafterwards,theyhavebeensubjectedtohighvariablepressuresbothverticallyandhorizontally,usually,theyarenotcontinuous,andcontainnumerouscracksandfractures.Theexertedpressures,sometimes,producejointsets.Sincethesepressuressometimesmaynotbesufficientlyhightocreateseparatejointsetsinrockmasses,theycanproducemicrojointsandmicro-cracks.However,theresultscannotbeconsideredasindependentjointsets.Althoughtheeffectsofthesemicro-cracksarenotthatpronouncedcomparedwithlargesizejointsets,yettheymaycauseadrasticchangeofin-situgeomechanicalpropertiesofrockmasses.Also,inmanyinstances,duetodissolutionofin-siturockmasses,minutebubble-likecavities,etc.,areproduced,whichcauseaseverereductionofin-situtensilestrength.Therefore,oneshouldnotreplacethisin-situstrengthbythatobtainedinthelaboratory.Ontheotherhand,measuringthein-siturocktensilestrengthduetotheinteractionofcomplexparametersisimpractical.Hence,anappropriateapproachforestimationofthetensilestrengthshouldbesought.Inthispaper,bymeansofprinciplesofsolidandfracturemechanics,anewapproachfordeterminationoftheeffectofgeo-structuraldefectsonflexuraltopplingfailureisproposed.2.Effectofgeo-structuraldefectsonflexuraltopplingfailure2.1.CriticalsectionoftheflexuraltopplingfailureAsmentionedearlier,MajdiandAmini[10]andAminietal.[11]haveprovedthattheaccuratefactorofsafetyisequaltothatcalculatedforaseriesofinclinedrockcolumns,which,byanalogy,isequivalenttothesuperimposedinclinedcantileverbeamsasshowninFig.3.Accordingtotheequationsoflimitequilibrium,themomentMandtheshearingforceVexistinginvariouscross-sectionalareasinthebeamscanbecalculatedasfollows:(5)2(6)Sinceth...