WHATISPLAGIARISM???•Plagiarismisanactoffraud•Itinvolvesbothstealingsomeoneelse’sworkandlyingaboutitafterward.to“plagiarize”means:•tostealandpassoff(theideasorwordsofanother)asone'sown•touse(another'sproduction)withoutcreditingthesource•tocommitliterarytheft•topresentasnewandoriginalanideaorproductderivedfromanexistingsource.USandothercountries•theexpressionoforiginalideasisconsideredintellectualproperty,andisprotectedbycopyrightlaws•almostallformsofexpressionfallundercopyrightprotectionaslongastheyarerecordedinsomemedia(suchasabookoracomputerfile)Allofthefollowingareconsideredplagiarism:•turninginsomeoneelse’sworkasyourown•copyingwordsorideasfromsomeoneelsewithoutgivingcredit•failingtoputaquotationinquotationmarks•givingincorrectinformationaboutthesourceofaquotation•changingwordsbutcopyingthesentencestructureofasourcewithoutgivingcredit•copyingsomanywordsorideasfromasourcethatitmakesupthemajorityofyourwork,whetheryougivecreditornot•Mostcasesofplagiarismcanbeavoided,however,byproperlyquoting,paraphrasing,summarizingandcitingsources.Whatarethedifferencesamongquoting,paraphrasing,andsummarizing?•Quotations–mustbeidenticaltotheoriginal,usinganarrowsegmentofthesource.–Theymustmatchthesourcedocumentwordforwordandmustbeattributedtotheoriginalauthor.•InhisfamousandinfluentialworktheInterpretationofDreams,SigmundFreudarguesthatdreamsarethe"royalroadtotheunconscious"(page#),expressingincodedimagerythedreamer'sunfulfilledwishesthroughaprocessknownasthe"dream-work"(page#).AccordingtoFreud,actualbutunacceptabledesiresarecensoredinternallyandsubjectedtocodingthroughlayersofcondensationanddisplacementbeforeemerginginakindofrebuspuzzleinthedreamitself(page#).•Paraphrasing–involvesputtingapassagefromsourcematerialintoyourownwords.–Aparaphrasemustalsobeattributedtotheoriginalsource.–Paraphrasedmaterialisusuallyshorterthantheoriginalpassage,takingasomewhatbroadersegmentofthesourceandcondensingitslightly.•Summarizing–involvesputtingthemainidea(s)intoyourownwords,includingonlythemainpoint(s).–Onceagain,itisnecessarytoattributesummarizedideastotheoriginalsource.–Summariesaresignificantlyshorterthantheoriginalandtakeabroadoverviewofthesourcematerial.•Theoriginalpassage:Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinal[research]paper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes.Lester,JamesD.WritingResearchPapers.2nded.(1976):46-47.•Aplagiarizedversion:Studentsoftenusetoomanydirectquotationswhentheytakenotes,resultingintoomanyoftheminthefinalresearchpaper.Infact,probablyonlyabout10%ofthefinalcopyshouldconsistofdirectlyquotedmaterial.Soitisimportanttolimittheamountofsourcematerialcopiedwhiletakingnotes.•Theoriginalpassage:Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinal[research]paper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes.Lester,JamesD.WritingResearchPapers.2nded.(1976):46-47.•Alegitimateparaphrase:Inresearchpapersstudentsoftenquoteexcessively,failingtokeepquotedmaterialdowntoadesirablelevel.Sincetheproblemusuall...
