土木工程专业英语课文_翻译_考试必备土木工程专业英语课文翻译Theprincipalconstructionmaterialsofearliertimeswerewoodandmasonrybrick,stone,ortile,andsimilarmaterials.Thecoursesorlayerswereboundtogetherwithmortarorbitumen,atarlikesubstance,orsomeotherbindingagent.TheGreeksandRomanssometimesusedironrodsorclapstostrengthentheirbuilding.ThecolumnsoftheParthenoninAthens,forexample,haveholesdrilledinthemforironbarsthathavenowrustedaway.TheRomansalsousedanaturalcementcalledpuzzling,madefromvolcanicash,thatbecameashardasstoneunderwater.早期时代的主要施工材料,木材和砌体砖,石,或瓷砖,和类似的材料。这些课程或层密切联系在一起,用砂浆或沥青,焦油一个样物质,或其他一些有约束力的代理人。希腊人和罗马人有时用铁棍或拍手以加强其建设。在雅典的帕台农神庙列,例如,在他们的铁钻的酒吧现在已经生锈了孔。罗马人还使用了天然水泥称为令人费解的,由火山灰制成,变得像石头一样坚硬在水中。Bothsteelandcement,thetwomostimportantconstructionmaterialsofmoderntimes,wereintroducedinthenineteenthcentury.Steel,basicallyanalloyofironandasmallamountofcarbonhadbeenmadeuptothattimebyalaboriousprocessthatrestrictedittosuchspecialusesasswordblades.AftertheinventionoftheBessemerprocessin1856,steelwasavailableinlargequantitiesatlowprices.Theenormousadvantageofsteelisitstensileforcewhich,aswehaveseen,tendstopullapartmanymaterials.Newalloyshavefurther,whichisatendencyforittoweakenasaresultofcontinualchangesinstress.钢铁和水泥,两个最重要的现代建筑材料,介绍了在十九世纪。钢,铁,基本上是少量的碳合金已作出了这一由一个艰苦的过程,限制它的刀刃等特殊用途的时间。后在1856年发明贝塞麦过程,钢在低价格大批量供货。钢铁的巨大优势是它的拉伸力,正如我们所看到的,往往会拉开许多材料。新合金进一步,这是一个趋势,它削弱了在压力不断变化的结果。Moderncement,calledPortlandcement,wasinventedin1824.Itisamixtureoflimestoneandclay,whichisheatedandthengroundintoapower.Itismixedatorneartheconstructionsitewithsand,aggregatesmallstones,crushedrock,orgravel,andwatertomakeconcrete.Differentproportionsoftheingredientsproduceconcretewithdifferentstrengthandweight.Concreteisveryversatile;itcanbepoured,pumped,orevensprayedintoallkindsofshapes.Andwhereassteelhasgreattensilestrength,concretehasgreatstrengthundercompression.Thus,thetwosubstancescomplementeachother.现代水泥,称为硅酸盐水泥,发明于1824年。它是石灰石和粘土的混合物,被加热,然后进入电源地。它是混合达到或接近沙施工现场,聚集的小石头,碎石,或石子和水,使混凝土。不同比例的成分产生不同强度和重量混凝土。混凝土是非常灵活,它可浇,泵浦,或连成各种形状喷洒。和鉴于钢具有很大的拉伸强度,混凝土受压的伟大力量。因此,这两种物质是相辅相成的。Theyalsocomplementeachotherinanotherway:theyhavealmostthesamerateofcontractionandexpansion.Theythereforecanworktogetherinsituationswherebothcompressionandtensionarefactors.Steelrodsareembeddedinconcretetomakereinforcedconcreteinconcretebeamsorstructureswheretensionswilldevelop.Concreteandsteelalsoformsuchastrongbond?theforcethatunitesthem?thatthesteelcannotslipwithintheconcrete.Stillanotheradvantageisthatsteeldoesnotrustinconcrete.Acidcorrodessteel,whereasconcretehasanalkalinechemicalreaction,theoppositeofacid.他们还以另一种方式补充对方:他们几乎在同样的速度收缩和扩张。因此,他们可以一起工作的情况下压缩和紧张的因素。钢条是嵌在混凝土,使钢筋混凝土结构中混凝土梁或地方的紧张局势会发展。混凝土和钢也形成如此强烈的纽带团结的力量??他们的钢材,不滑内的混凝土。还有一个好处是,不生锈...