语言学教案主位与述位VIP专享VIP免费

Theme（主位）andRheme(述位)Wemaketheworldaroundusbetter.•Theme•Rheme•Experientialtheme•Textualtheme•Interpersonalthemeeg.Hello,John!Youknowwhat?Teddydiedinthemountainswhenhewastravelling.从语篇功能角度看，“每个小句和小句复合体的出发点都是主位（theme，后面以T表示）”（黄国文2001:97）。主位后面剩下的就是述位（rheme，后面以R表示）。因此主位结构一般为“主位∧述位”（∧表示左边的成分比右边的成分早出现）。例1就是“JohnbeatJane”∧。主位分标记性和无标记性之分（Halliday1985a,b,1994）。请比较：•1a)JohnbeatJane.∧（无标记主位，即正常形式或一致式（congruentform））•1b)JaneJohnbeathard.∧（标记主位：宾语提前）•1c)JohnbeatJaneveryhard.∧（无标记主位）•1d)VeryhardJohnbeatJane.∧（标记主位：状语提前）•1e)WhydidJohnbeatJaneyesterday?∧（无标记主位）•1f)YesterdaywhydidJohnbeatJane?∧（标记主位：因为它不以wh-词开头）•1g)BeatJane,veryhard,John.∧（无标记主位）•1h)John,beatJaneveryhard.∧（标记主位：不以动词原形或Don’t+动词原形开头）•1i)Veryhard,beatJaneveryhard,John.∧（标记主位：同1h）•多重主位（multipletheme）的情况更复杂（姑且假设上例都是简单主位）。我们把上例变为•1j)But,youknow,JohnbeatJane.∧∧∧•鸡不吃了。•鸡，不吃了。•鸡，我不吃了。•我不吃鸡了。•我，鸡不吃了。•我，鸡，不吃了。•鸡，我，不吃了。PresuppositionandassertionJohnbeatJane.主语谓语前提声言（你认识的那个John）（你不知道吧？）Sentencetypes:Quirketal(1972)Sentencetypes:Quirketal(1972)•SV:Marydied.SV:Marydied.•SVC:Maryislunatic.SVC:Maryislunatic.•SVA:Marywashere.SVA:Marywashere.•SVO:Marykilledherhusband.SVO:Marykilledherhusband.•SVOC:MarySVOC:Mary’’shusbandmadeherlunatic.shusbandmadeherlunatic.•SVOA:MarykilledherhusbandwithherSVOA:Marykilledherhusbandwithherbarehands.barehands.•SVOO:MarySVOO:Mary’’shusbandlefthernothingshusbandlefthernothingbutahut.butahut.extensionofsentences:extensionofsentences:Conjoining:IboughtacomputerandIfounditConjoining:IboughtacomputerandIfoundithadnoharddisks.hadnoharddisks.Embedding:IboughtacomputerwhichifoundEmbedding:Iboughtacomputerwhichifoundhadnoharddisks.hadnoharddisks.Recursiveness:ThecomputerthathadnohardRecursiveness:Thecomputerthathadnoharddiskswhichcanbeusedforinfinitedatastoragediskswhichcanbeusedforinfinitedatastorageisgone.isgone.CohesionCohesion•Repetition:Marykilledherhusband.MarywasRepetition:Marykilledherhusband.Marywasarrestedayearlater.arrestedayearlater.•Reference:Marykilledherhusband.ShewasReference:Marykilledherhusband.Shewasarrestedayearlater.arrestedayearlater.•Substitution:Marykilledherhusband.TheSubstitution:Marykilledherhusband.Thewomanwasarrestedayearlater.womanwasarrestedayearlater.•Ellipsis:MarykilledherhusbandandwasEllipsis:Marykilledherhusbandandwasarrestedayearlater.arrestedayearlater.•Logicalconnection:Marykilledherhusband.Logicalconnection:Marykilledherhusband.Ironicallyshewasarrestedayearlater.Ironicallyshewasarrestedayearlater.•Lexicalcollocation:Marykilledherhusband.Lexicalcollocation:Marykilledherhusband.Thelunaticwasarrestedayearlater.(seeThelunaticwasarrestedayearlater.(seesubstitution)substitution)Whataboutthese?Whataboutthese?Theywentintoahouse.Nolight.ThewindowsTheywentintoahouse.Nolight.Thewindowswereallopen.wereallopen.Iputmybikeinacorner.FiveminuteslaterIIputmybikeinacorner.FiveminuteslaterIcameback.Itwasstillthereallright.Butthecameback.Itwasstillthereallright.Butthechainwasbroken,andthetireswereas...