Module9Unit3ThemeaningofcolourGrammarandUsageGrammarandUsageAppositionApposition▲Revision▲Grammar▲Exercises▲AssignmentRevisionRevision•Talkaboutsomenationalflowers•Whatarethesymbolsforthecountries?•Ifyourschoolwouldchooseakindofflowerasyourschoolflower,whatflowershouldyouchoose,why?AppositionAppositionDefinitionAword,groupofwordsorclausethatfollowsanounorpronounandmeansthesamepersonorthingasthenounorpronoundoesiscalledanapposition.E.g.Thestudent,WangWei,waspraisedbyourteacheryesterday.ThisisMr.Wang,deanofourschool.Thenewsthatthecriminalwasarrestedwasnottrue.KindsofAppositionsKindsofAppositionsI.looseappositionItisoftensetofffromtheheadwordbyacomma.II.closeappositionTheappositionanditshead-wordformacloserelation,notseparatedbyacomma.E.g.Weloveourcountry,thegreatPeople’sRepublicofChina.DoyouknowthefamouscriticPaulJones?ThepositionoftheappositionThepositionoftheappositionAnappositionisusuallyplacedimmediatelyafterthehead-word,butitmayalsobeputelsewhereinthesentence,especiallyinthecaseofpronounslikeall,both,each,myself,etc.E.g.Anunusualpresentwasgiventohimforhisbirthday,abookonethics.Givethemanappleeach.Theyareall/bothstudents.Hefinishedithimself.NoteNoteBesidesnounsandpronouns,adjectives,adverbs,predicateverbs,prepositionalphrases,infinitivephrases,clauses,etc.Mayoccasionallybefollowedbyanapposition.Shealwaysspeaksso---slowlyandclearly.Heistaller,muchtallerthansheis.Togoshopping,tohelphersister,todosomecleaning---todoallthis,shehastomakethebestofhertime.IndicatorastheappositionIndicatorastheapposition有时为了明晰地表示非限制性同位关系,我们会使用一些词语插入同位成分之间。A)表示等同关系的词语有:namely，thatis，thatistosay，inotherwords，or,etc.Youshouldhaveconsultedanophthalmologist,thatisaneyedoctor.Hestudieslinguistics,orthescienceoflanguage.B)表示举例或列举的词语有：forexample，forinstance，e.g.，suchas,say，including,etc.Theyvisitedseveralcities,forexampleRomeandAthens.Nounssuchasbook,pen,appleandtoyarecountablenouns.C)表示突出某点的词语有：especially，particularly，inparticular，notably,chiefly，mainly,mostly。Wewanttoinviteanumberoffriends,especiallyJoanandBetty.Moststudentsinourclass,particularlyDavidandChris,arefondofmusic.这些词语在使用中有的可以放在第二个同位成分之前或之后：thatis，thatistosay，forexample，forinstance，inparticular和inotherwords。Dickens'smostproductiveperiod,thatis(tosay)the1840s,wasatimewhenpublicdemandforfictionwasgrowingatatremendousrate.Dickens'smostproductiveperiod,the1840s,thatis(tosay),wasatimewhenpublicdemandforfictionwasgrowingatatremendousrate.included只能放在第二个同位成分之后。其他的词语以及一些缩写形式只能放在第二个同位成分之前：namely，or，including，suchas，say，especially，particularly，notably,chiefly，mainly，mostly，e.g.,etc.Manypeople,includingmysister,won'tforgivehimforthat.Manypeople,mysisterincluded,won'tforgivehimforthat.TheappositiveclauseTheappositiveclauseSomewords,suchasappeal，belief,idea,decision,truth,conclusion，report,message,promise,proposal，remark,question,thought，statement，understanding，etc.toshowthedetails.Thethoughtcametoherthatmaybeshehadleftthedooropenwhenshelefthome.ThestorygoesthathefailedintheCollegeEntranceExaminationsagain.ThedistinctionbetweentheappositionThedistinctionbetweentheappositionandtheattributeandtheattributeTheappositiongivesanothernamewhichoftendefinesorexplainsit.Anappositionisinthesamecaseasthenounorpronounitrefersto.Itmaybeexpressedbyanoun,apronoun,oranumeral,etc.ThedistinctionbetweentheappositionThedistinctionbetweentheappositionandtheattributeandtheattributeAnattributeistomodifythenounorpronoun.“that”intheattributiveclausehasagrammarfunction,asapartintheclause,whileintheappositiveclauseitisjustaconjunction.ReadthroughthegrammarandusageReadthroughthegrammarandusage•Readthroughtheapposition•DealwithPartAonpage41•DealwithpartBonpage42ReinforcementReinforcementInformationhasbeenputforward____moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversitiesA.whileB.thatC.whenD.as应将该句区别于：Itissaidthatmoremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities，thisistheinformation____hasbeenputforward.A.whatB.thatC.whenD.asBBSheheardaterriblenoise,____broughtherheartintohermouthA.itB.whichC.thisD.that应将该句区别于：Ican'tstandtheterriblenoise____sheistalkingloudly.A.itB.whichC.thisD.thatBDExercisesExercisesTranslation:1.Hisonlyinterestinlife,playingfootball,hasbroughthimmanyfriends.2.Healwaysworkshardinspiteofthefactthatheisnotingoodhealth.3.Land,brains,wealth,technology-inotherwordseverythingweneed-areplentifulinourcountry.1.Thefact____sheworkshardiswellknowntousall.A.thatB.whatC.whyD.which2.Ihavenoidea____hewillstart.A.whenB.thatC.whatD./3.Heoftenaskedmethequestion____theworkwasworthdoing.A.whetherB.whereC.thatD.whenAAAHomeworkHomework1.Reviewthegrammar2.Finishtheexercises3.Previewthetasks
