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Basicprinciplespart1pdf转wordhttp://www.skycn.com/soft/appid/16287.htmlHarmPrincipleThestateshouldonlyrestricttheactionsofanactoriftheyaregoingtocauseaharmtoanotheractor.(theoffenceprincipleappliesthistothemoralstandings/feelingsofsociety)Theharmprincipleisbasedontheideathattheroleofthestateshouldbetopreventharmfulactionstakingplace.HowtouseitInadebateyoucanusethisprincipletosupportyourargumentbysimplyprovingthatthecourseofactionyouDON'Twanttakencausesaharmtoanotheractor(aperson,societyingeneralorthepersonharmingthemselves).Orconverselythatthebantheyaretryingtoproposedoesn'tpreventanyharms.ExampleAnexampleofwherethisprinciplecanbeapplied:THWBanabortionAstheoppositionyoucouldarguethatpreventinganactorfromabortingachildcausesaharmtotheactorbecausetheyreceivedirectharmsfromcarryingachildtotermsuchas;socialembarrassment,physicalharmsandharmstoaperson'scareer/livelihood.BalanceofharmsThisprincipleisdirectlylinkedtotheharmprinciple.Whenbothcoursesofactioncauseharmstoanactororoffencetosocietyinsomeway,youcanstillapplytheprinciple.Yousimplyhavetoprovethatthecourseofactionyouwanttakencauseslessharms,orthattheharmsitcausesarelesssevere.ExampleTHWpromotetheuseoffullbodyscannersatairports.Thepropositionwillsaythatthereareharmstonationalsecurityifyoudon'timplementthismotion.Theoppositionwillsaythatthereareharmstoaperson'sfreedomsifyoudoimplementit.Aspropositionyoucouldusethisprincipletoshowthattheharmstonationalsecurityaremoredangerousthantheharmstoaperson'sfreedom.Asoppositionyoucouldusethisprincipletoshowthattheharmstoaperson'sfreedomareunnecessary.SocialcontractThisprinciplestatesthatthereisanunwrittencontractbetweenindividualsandthestate,inthatcontractapersongivesupcertainrightsinexchangeforstaterunservices.Byrightswedon'tnecessarilymeanhumanrightsfromthehumanrightsact.Anexampleofthisbeingusedinsocietytodayisthatwedon'tallowpeopletherighttoenacttheirownjusticeandinsteadprovidethemwiththeserviceofapoliceforceandlegalsystem.HowtouseitInadebateyoucanusethisprincipletosupportyourargumentbysimplyprovingthatremovingaperson'srighttosomethingisfineaslongasyouareprovidingaspecificservicetoreplaceit.Becautiouswhenusingthisprinciple,certainrightswillbeeasytoprovemoreessentialtoanindividualthantheserviceyouintendonreplacingitwith.ExampleTHWbantheBNPThepropositioncanTRYandarguethattherighttofreedomofspeech(theright)inthissituationshouldberemovedtoprovidetherestofsocietywithahigherlevelofnationalsecurity/personalsecurity(theserviceprovided).Thiswillbeverydifficulttodoiftheoppositioncanprovethattherighttofreedomofspeechismoreimportant.RoleofthestateTheprinciplehereisthateverygovernmenthasadutytoupholdthewishesoftheactorsitgoverns,andtodothisithastofulfilcertainresponsibilities,ifthoseresponsibilitiescanbeappliedtoadifferentsituationthenitmustfulfilthoseresponsibilitiesinthatnewsituation.Simply:Thestatehasaresponsibility(role)tofulfil,itmustalwaysdothisinsimilarsituations.Conversely,itmaybepossibletoshowthatthestatedoesn'thavearesponsibilitytoaspecificactor(acorporationforexample)HowtouseitShowthejudgeswhatyoursideofthedebatebelievestheroleofthestateis(forexample,“theroleofthestateistoprotectit'scitizensbypreventingharmsfromoccurring”),youthenexplainwhyyoubelievethisistheirrolecitingpreviousexamples.Onceyouhaveestablishedtheroleofthestateinthiswayyoucangoontoapplyittoyoursideoftheargumentshowingthatthestatehasaresponsibilitytoactinthewayyouproposeandprovingthattheactionyousupporthasaprecedent.Oralternativelyshowingthatthestatedoesn'thavearesponsibilityinthissituation.ExampleTHWbanalcohol.Thepropositioncouldarguethatthestatehasaresponsibilitytoprotectit'scitizensfromharmingtheirwell-being,itdoesthisregularlythroughtherestrictionofcertaindrugsthatcanbeabused.Sincealcoholcanalsobeabused,andsincethereareotherlessharmfuldrugscurrentlyprohibitedthestatehasaroleofprotectiontoprovidebyremovingthisharmfulsubstancefromsocietyjustasithasinthepast.PracticeWhatprinciplescanbeappliedtothefollowingmotions?THWbanabortionTHWallowEuthanasiaTHWallowschoolstoteachcreationisminsciencelessonsTHBTObamashouldclosetheGuantanamoCampimmediatelyTHWallowmothersinprisontobeaccompaniedbytheirbabiesTHWtestnuclearweaponsTHWbanCocaColaPracticeDebateTHWfurthersupportthedevelopingworld