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Section2TheReliabilityofaSurveyandErrors测量误差的可靠性Sinceeverytechniqueofmeasurementissubjecttounavoidableerror,surveyorsmustbeawareofallsourcesandtypesoferrorandhowtheycombine.Iftheaccuracyofameasurementisdefinedasthenearnessofthatvaluetoitstruevalue(aquantitywecanneverknow)thenasurveyormustensurethatthetechniqueshechooseswillproducearesultthatissufficientlyaccurate.Hemustknow,therefore,howaccurateheneedstobe,howtoachievethisaccuracyandhowtocheckthattherequiredaccuracyhasbeenachieved.由于每个测量技术是不可避免的误差，测量员必须知道的所有误差的来源和类型，以及它们是如何结合。如果测量的准确性，其真正的值（我们可以永远不知道的数量）的接近程度，该值被定义为，然后测量员必须确保他选择的技术将产生一个结果，是足够精确的。因此，他必须知道他需要的精度如何，如何实现这一目标的准确性和如何检查所要求的精度已经达到。AccuracyrequiredWhensurveyingtoproduceaplan,theaccuracyrequiredisdefinedbythescaleoftheplot,sincethereshouldbenoplottableerrorinthesurveydata.Agooddraughtsmancanplotalengthtowithin0.25mmandso,ifaplanofanareaisrequiredatascaleof1/1000,i.e.,1mmontheplanrepresents1montheground,thesmallestplottabledistanceis0.25m.Thus,forasurveyat1/1000scale,allthemeasurementsmustbetakensuchthattherelativepositionsofanypointwithrespecttoanyothermustbedeterminedto0.25morbetter.当测量一个平面时,精度通常是根据展图比例决定的，因为在绘图中不能有测量误差。一个好的绘图员可以在大约0.25毫米的范围内画图，假如一个地区的图纸比例尺要求是1/1000，即1毫米图上距离代表1米实地距离，那么最小的测距应该是0.25米。因此，对于1/1000比例尺的测量，所有测量必须保证任意一点与其他任一点的相对位置不得大于0.25米。Thespecificationsofsurveysforotherpurposessuchasengineeringworksorpropertyboundarydefinitionmightwellbedeterminedbyengineeringtolerancesorlegalstandards.基于测量规范可能被用于其他目的，如工程测量或财产边界的测量将由工程限差和合法的基准决定。AchievingthespecificationToensurethatthespecificationisachievedtheequipmentandmethodsmustbechosensuchthat,notonlywilltheycollecttherightsortofdata,i.e.,thecorrectcombinationofanglesanddistances,butthatthedatawillbetotherequiredaccuracy.Thereareseveraltypesoferrorthatoccurandaknowledgeoftheirimportanceandcharacteristicsisessentialintheunderstandingofthelimitationsofthetechniquesofmeasurement.Thesalientfeatureswillbestatednowbutfurtherinformationisgiveninlaterchapters.为了确保测量符合规范，仪器和数据应按照以下要求进行，并不是只是得到正确的数据，即更正角和边的关系，从而得到的数据满足精度的要求。在测量中有几种类型的误差，掌握它们的重要性和特性对于理解测量技术的限差是必不可少的。本章主要讲解这些误差的主要特征，后面的章节将提供进一步的阐述。Mistakes粗差Blundersormistakesareofteninaccuratelyreferredtoasgrosserrors.Miscountingthenumberoftapelengthswhenmeasuringalongdistanceortransposingnumberswhenbookingaretwoverysimple,butalltoocommon,examplesofmistakes.Thesetypesofmistakescanoccuratanystageofasurvey,whenobserving,booking,computingorplotting,andtheywouldobviouslyhaveaverydamagingeffectontheresultsifleftuncorrected.However,byfollowingstrictlyawell-plannedobservingprocedureitispossibletoreducethenumberthatoccurandthenindependentchecksateachstageshouldshowupthosethathavebeenmade.Inpractice,noneshouldevergoundetectedanduncorrected.错误经常不准确的理解为粗差。当测量很长一段距离时，读错尺的读数或记录两个简单的数时颠倒它们的位置，这些都是很常见的错误例子。这些类型的误差可以发生在测量任何阶...