Chapter6Cognitionisthementalprocessorfacultyofknowing,includingaspectssuchasawareness,perception,reasoning,andjudgment.Thereexistthreeapproachestothestudyoflanguageandcognition:theformalapproach,thepsychologicalapproachandtheconceptualapproach.TheFormalapproachbasicallyaddressesthestructuralpatternsexhibitedbytheovertaspectoflinguisticforms,largelyabstractedawayfromorregardedasautonomousfromanyassociatedmeaning.ThePsychologicalapproachlooksatlanguagefromtheperspectiveofrelativelygeneralcognitivesystemsrangingfromperception,memory,andattentiontoreasoning.Theconceptualapproachisconcernedwiththepatternsinwhichandtheprocessesbywhichconceptualcontentisorganizedinlanguage.Structurewillbeusedtoreferbothtopatternsandtoprocess,theconceptualapproachcanmoresimplybesaidtoaddresshowlanguagestructuresconceptualcontent.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyofpsychologicalaspectsoflanguage;itusuallystudiesthepsychologicalstatesandmentalactivitiesassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.Sixaspectsofresearchwithinpsycholinguistics:①Acquisition②Comprehension③Production④Disorders⑤Languageandthought⑥NeurocognitionLanguageacquisition:①Holophrasticstage②Two-wordstage③Stageofthree-wordutterances④FluentgrammaticalconversationstageConnectionisminpsycholinguisticsclaimsthatreadersusethesamesystemoflinksbetweenspellingunitsandsoundunitstogeneratepronunciationsofwrittenwordsliketoveandtoaccessthepronunciationsoffamiliarwordslikestove,orwordsthatareexceptionstothesepatterns,likelove.Languagecomprehension:①wordrecognition©comprehensionofsentences©comprehensionoftextCohortmodel:thefirstfewphonemesofaspokenwordactivateasetorcohortofwordcandidatesthatareconsistentwiththeinput.Interactivemodelholdsthathigherprocessinglevelshaveadirect,“top-down”influenceonlowerlevels.Theracemodeldoesnotagree“top-down”effects,ithastworoutesthatraceeachotherapre-lexicalroute,whichcomputesphonologicalinformationfromtheacousticsignal,andalexicalroute,inwhichthephonologicalinformationassociatedwithawordbecomesavailablewhentheworditselfisaccessed.Serialmodelsproposethatthesentencecomprehensionsystemcontinuallyandsequentiallyfollowstheconstraintsofalanguage'sgrammarwithremarkablespeed.Parallelmodelsemphasizethatthecomprehensionsystemissensitivetoavastrangeofinformation,includinggrammatical,lexicalandcontextual,aswellasknowledgeofthespeaker/writerandoftheworldingeneral.Inresonancemodel,informationinlong-termmemoryisautomaticallyactivatedbythepresenceofmaterialthatapparentlybearsaroughsemanticrelationtoit.Languageproduction:©Accesstowords©Generationofsentences©WrittenlanguageproductionFunctionalplanningprocessassignsgrammaticalfunctionssuchassubject,verbordirectobject.欢迎下载2Positionalencodingusestheretrievedlexicon-grammarunitsandthefunctionstheyhavebeenassignedtogeneratesyntacticstructuresthatcapturethedependenciesamongconstituentsandtheirorder.Cognitivelinguisticsisbasedonhumanexperiencesoftheworldandthewaytheyperceiveandconceptualizetheworld.Construalistheabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationinalternatewaysthroughspecificity,differentmentalscanning,directionality,vantagepoint,figure-groundsegregationetc.Construaloperationsaretheunderlyingpsychologicalprocessedandresourcesemployedintheinterpretationoflinguisticexpressions.①Attention/Salience②Judgment/Comparison③Perspective/SituatednessTrajectorreferstoadynamicfigurea...
