一份改变您健康观念的演讲(转)philipzimbardo：thepsychologyoftimeiwanttosharewithyousomeideasaboutthesecretpoweroftime，inaveryshorttime.video：allright，starttheclockplease.30secondsstudio.keepitquietplease.settledown.it'sabouttime.endsequence.takeone.15secondsstudio.10，nine，eight，seven，six，five，four，three，two...philipzimbardo：let'stuneintotheconversationoftheprincipalsinadam'stemptation."comeonadam，don'tbesowishy-washy.takeabite.""idid.""onebite，adam.don'tabandoneve.""idon'tknow，guys.idon'twanttogetintrouble.""okay.onebite.whatthehell。"（laughter）lifeistemptation.it'sallaboutyielding，resisting，yes，no，now，later，impulsive，reflective，presentfocusandfuturefocus.promisedvirtuesfallpreytothepassionsofthemoment.ofteenagegirlswhopledgedsexualabstinenceandvirginityuntilmarriage--thankyougeorgebush--themajority，60percent，yieldedtosexualtemptationswithinoneyear.andmostofthemdidsowithoutusingbirthcontrol.somuchforpromises.nowletstemptfour-year-olds，givingthematreat.theycanhaveonemarshmallownow.butiftheywaituntiltheexperimentercomesback，theycanhavetwo.ofcourseitpays，ifyoulikemarshmallows，towait.whathappensistwo-thirdsofthekidsgiveintotemptation.theycannotwait.theothers，ofcourse，wait.theyresistthetemptation.theydelaythenowforlater.waltermischel，mycolleagueatstanford，wentback14yearslater，totrytodiscoverwhatwasdifferentaboutthosekids.therewereenormousdifferencesbetweenkidswhoresistedandkidswhoyielded，inmanyways.thekidswhoresistedscored250pointshigheronthesat.that'senormous.that'slikeawh第1页共4页olesetofdifferentiqpoints.theydidn'tgetinasmuchtrouble.theywerebetterstudents.theywereself-confidentanddetermined.andthekeyformetoday，thekeyforyou，is，theywerefuture-focusedratherthanpresent-focused.sowhatistimeperspective。that'swhati'mgoingtotalkabouttoday.timeperspectiveisthestudyofhowindividuals，allofus，dividetheflowofyourhumanexperienceintotimezonesortimecategories.andyoudoitautomaticallyandnon-consciously.theyvarybetweencultures，betweennations，betweenindividuals，betweensocialclasses，betweeneducationlevels.andtheproblemisthattheycanbecomebiased，becauseyoulearntoover-usesomeofthemandunder-usetheothers.whatdeterminesanydecisionyoumake。youmakeadecisiononwhichyou'regoingtobaseanaction.forsomepeopleit'sonlyaboutwhatisintheimmediatesituation，whatotherpeoplearedoingandwhatyou'refeeling.andthosepeople，whentheymaketheirdecisionsinthatformat--we'regoingtocallthem"present-oriented，"becausetheirfocusiswhatisnow.forothers，thepresentisirrelevant.it'salwaysabout"whatisthissituationlikethati'veexperiencedinthepast。"sothattheirdecisionsarebasedonpastmemories.andwe'regoingtocallthosepeople"past-oriented，"becausetheyfocusonwhatwas.forothersit'snotthepast，it'snotthepresent，it'sonlyaboutthefuture.theirfocusisalwaysaboutanticipatedconsequences.cost-benefitanalysis.we'regoingtocallthem"future-oriented."theirfocusisonwhatwillbe.so，timeparadox，iwanttoargue，theparadoxoftimeperspective，issomethingthatinfluenceseverydecisionyoumake，you'retotallyunawareof.namely，theextenttowhichyouhaveoneofthesebiasedtimeperspectives.wellthereisactuallysixofthem.therearetwowaystobepresent-oriented.thereistwowaystobepast-第2页共4页oriented，twowaystobefuture.youcanfocusonpast-positive，orpast-negative.youcanbepresent-hedonistic，namelyyoufocusonthejoysoflife，orpresent-fatalist-...
