1【美国】Chapter1TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期1.Fromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakofheCivilWar.ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving’sTheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman’sLeavesofGrass.Itisalsocalled“theAmericanRenaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。（也可称为“美国的文艺复兴”）2.ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。3.TheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvalues.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。4.Besides,apreoccupationwiththeCalvinisticviewoforiginalsinandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksofHawthorne,Melvilleandahostoflesserwriters.在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品中，加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。5.ThemostclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementinthisperiodisNewEnglandTranscendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。6.ThisTranscendentalistgroupincludestwoofthemostsignificantwritersAmericahasproducedsofar,Emersonandhisyoungfriend,HenryDavidThoreau,whosewritinghasastrongimpactonAmericanliterature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。7.Basically,Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophicallyas“therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesenses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。8.Emersononceproclaimedinaspeech,“Nothingisatlastsacredbuttheintegrityofyouownmind.”OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalismincludetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand,therefore,self-reliant.爱默生曾说过：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。9.ItrangesfromthecomicfablesofWashingtonIrvingtotheGothictalesofEdgarAllenPoe,fromthefrontieradventuresofJamesFenimoreCoopertothenarrativequestsofHermanMelville,fromthepsychologicalromancesofNathanielHawthornetothesocialrealismof2RebeccaHarding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性，多样性，与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说，有爱伦.坡的哥特式惊险故事，有库柏的边疆历险故事，有麦尔维尔的长篇叙事，有霍桑的心理罗曼史，有丽贝卡·哈丁的社会现实小说。RebeccaBlaineHardingDavis(1831-1910;bornRebeccaBlaineHarding)wasanAmericanauthorandjournalist.SheisdeemedapioneerofliteraryRealisminAmericanliterature.HermostimportantliteraryworkisthenovellaLifeintheIronMillspublishedintheApril1861editionoftheAtlanticMonthly.Throughoutherlifetime,HardingDavissoughttoeffectsocialchangeforblacks,women,NativeAmericans,immigrants,andtheworkingclass,byintentionallywritingabouttheplightofthesemarginalisedgroupsinthe19thcentury.10.ToHawthorneandMelville,everybodyispotentiallyasinner,andgreatmoralcourageisthereforeindispensablefortheimprovementofhumannature.霍桑和麦尔维尔认为人们在内心上都是罪人，因此需要道德力量来改善人性。(I).WashingtonIrving华盛顿.欧文11.HeisregardedasFatheroftheAmericanshortstories.他是美国浪漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父。12.WiththepublicationofTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,IrvingwonameasureofinternationalfameonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.1819年至1820年，欧文出版了《见闻札记》，该书为欧...
