Unit4ExplicitandImplicitMoralEducationImagineaguardsman,fromthemomenthefallsinonparadeinthemorninguntilthemomenttheparadeisdismissed,everyconsciousactionhemakesispredeterminedandcontrolled.Ifinadvertentlyhedoessomethingthatisnotintheschedule,suchasdrophisrifle,hehastocoveruptheaccidentbypretendingtofaint.Todoanythingotherthanconformmightshoworiginalityandinventiveness,butfromthepointofviewofmilitaryethoswouldbeimmoral.想象一个卫士，从早上参加的那刻到阅兵解散的那刻,他做的每一个有意识的动作都是受预定和控制的。如果他无意间做了什么计划外的事情，比如像掉了他的步枪，他不得不假装晕倒来掩盖事故。做除了承认以外的任何事情可能展示出独创性和创造性，但是从军队作风观点的角度来看可能是不道德的。Thatisanexampleofathorough-goingexplicitmoralsystem.Initactionsarerigidlydividedintorightonesandwrongones,permittedonesandnon-permittedones,andeveryoneinvolvedacceptsthiswithoutquestion;andtotrainaparticipantinsuchasystemisanexplicitmatter,andthesimplestformofbehaviourtraining,providedthelearnersacknowledgetheteacherasanunquestionableauthoritywhoknowsexactlywhatmoralbehaviouris.这是一个全面的显性道德体系的例子。在这个例子里，行动被严格分为正确的和错误的，允许的和不允许的，涉及到的每个人都无条件接受；假设学习者承认教师作为一个不容置疑的权威，一个准确知道什么是道德的权威，则在这样一个体系中培养参与者是一件明确的事，是行为训练最简单的形式。Considerthesameguardsmanintheevening,inatavernwithagirl.Hisbehaviourisnotsorigorouslycontrolled,andhehasmanychoicesofaction,manydecisionstomake.Inthatcase,allsortsofpressuresareinfluencinghischoiceofactions.Whathispeergroupdoes,whatisthecustomatthemomentinthatarea,whathethinksthegirlfriendwillacceptorexpect,maybethesortoflifestylehehasseendisplayedintelevisionplays,thethingshehasreadaboutinthepapers,theseareallcontributingtohisdecisions.Hehasnotbeeninstructedexplicitly,asinthemorning,buthehashadamuchmorediffuseimplicittraininginbehaviour,derivedfrommanysources.考虑同一个卫士，在晚上同一个女孩在一个小酒馆。他的行为是不那么严格地受控制，他有很多的行动选择，很多决定去下。在这种情况下，各种压力都会影响他的行动选择。他的同龄群体做的，就是此时此地的习惯，他认为这个女性朋友会接受或者拒绝的，是他在电视上看到的生活方式，是书上读到的事物，这些都归因于他的决定。同早上比，他没有被明确指示，但是在行为上他有一个更加扩散的隐性训练，来自多种来源。These,then,arethetwoformsofeducationavailabletothosewhowishtoinfluenceothers'morals-theexplicitinstructionandtheimplicitinfluenceofsurroundingbehaviour.Whichdoweusewithschoolpupils,ordoweperhapsneedtomakeuseofeachatdifferenttimes?Above,indescribingthemorningparademoralsoftheguardsman,itwaspointedoutthatexplicitinstructiondependedonthelearner'sacceptanceoftheauthorityoftheinstructor.Withoutthatacceptancethesystembreaksdown.Whiletothesameguardsmanintheevening,inatavernwithagirl,suchexplicitmoralexhortationwouldprobablyhavelittleeffect,becausethespeakerisnotregardedasanauthority,butratherasacrank.Thisillustratestheimpossibilityofhavingexplicitmoraleducationunlessallconcernedhaveagreedonthefundamentalprinciples,andonwhohastherighttoexpoundthemandsayhowtheyapplyinpractice.Whereyouhaveasocietyoranorganizationinwhichsuchaccordispossible,thenbehaviourisdeterminedandcanbethesubjectofexplicitinstruction.那么，显性指导和环境的隐性影响这两种教育模式对那些想要影响他人道德的人来说是有效的。我们对学校学生用哪一种，或在不同时候用上每一种。上面在描述上...
