高中英语语法知识词法部分讲解---------介词及练习一.概念:介词(preposition)又叫做前置词,一般置于名词之前。它是一种虚词,一般不重读,在句中不单独作任何句子成分,只表示其后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句中其他成分的关系。介词后面的名词或相当于名词的词语叫做介词宾语。可作介词宾语的词语通常有:1)名词或名词性从句:eg.①Helivesnearourschool.②Thiswillgivemesomeideaofwhatlifeis.2)代词:eg.①Iamangrywithhim.②Sheisn’tsatisfiedwithme.3)动名词或动名词短语:eg.Ihaveanideafrosolvingthisproblem.4)不定式(只限于介词but和except):eg.①Icandonothingforthembutjustsitherthereandhope.②Icandonothingforthemexcepttosendthemmoney.5)数词:eg.Fourfromsevenleavesthree.6)形容词:eg.Iknowitfromold.我早就知道它。7)副词:eg.Ican’tstayforlong.注意:英语介词往往相当于汉语的动词。eg.①Thepolicemanhelpedtheoldwomanacrossthestreet.警察帮助老大娘过马路。(“过”=across)②Areyouforitoragainstit?你赞成还是反对?(“赞成”=for;“反对”=against)二、介词的种类:A.介词按其构成分为1)简单介词(simplepreposition):eg.at;in;ofsince,before,after等。2)复合介词(compoundpreposition):eg.asfor;asto;into;outof等。3)二重介词(doublepreposition)eg.fromunder;frombehind;untilafter;exceptin等。4)短语介词(phrasalpreposition)eg.accordingto;becauseof;inspiteof;onbehalfof等。5)分词介词(participlepreposition)eg.regarding;concerning;including;providing等。B.介词按其词义分为1)地点介词:eg.across;among;around;above;after;along;at;before;behind;below等。2)时间介词:eg.about;after;sround;asat;before;behind;between;by;during;for,from..3)比较介词:eg.as;like;over;above等。4)除外介词:eg.besides;but;except等。5)反对介词:eg.against;with等。6)原因介词:eg.for;with;from等。7)结果介词:eg.for;with;without等。8)方式介词:eg.by;in;with等。9)所属介词:eg.of;with等。10)条件介词:eg.on;without;considering等。11)让步介词:eg.inspiteof;despite等。12)目的介词:eg.for;to等。13)根据介词:eg.on;accordingto等。三、介词短语及其功用:介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语(Prepositionalphrase),介词短语在句中可用作:1)主语:eg.FromBeijingtoTianjingistwohoursbytrain.2)表语:eg.Shelookslikeanactress.3)宾语:eg.I’llgiveyouuntiltomorrow.4)定语:eg.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.5)补语:eg.Theyfoundthemselvesinadarkwood.6)状语:eg.Alberthassomuchworktodosothatheisstayinglateattheoffice.四、相关知识点精讲:1.表示地点位置介词:1.1)at,in,on,to:at:(1)表示在小地方;(2)表示"在⋯⋯附近,旁边";eg.①Hearrivedatthestationatten.②Heissittingatthedesk.(3)表示的位置是某一点;eg.atthethirdcrossroad/at108BeijingStreet/attheNorthPole(4)可接集体活动。eg.ataparty/concert/lecture/meeting⋯athome/atthecornerofthestreet/atthefrontofthehallin:(1)表示在大地方;(2)表示"在⋯范围之内";(3)表示的位置往往是立体的,有长、宽、高等。eg.①HearrivedinShanghaiyesterday.②JiangsuliesintheeastofChina.③inthedesk/inthecorneroftheroom/inapicture/inthewallon:(1)表示毗邻,接壤;(2)表示的位置往往是一个平面或一条线。eg.RussialiesonthenorthofChina./acityontheriver/ahotelonthethisroadto表示在⋯⋯范围外,不强调是否接壤.eg.FujianistothesouthofJiangsuProvince.2)above,over,on:在⋯⋯上above:(1)指在⋯⋯上方,不强调是否垂直,与below相eg.①Thebirdisflyingabovemyhead.对;两物体中间有一定的空间距离。②Therearelightsabove/overourheads.(2)与刻度连用时,用above。③Canyouseetheplaneflyingover/abovethebuilding?eg.threedegreesabovezero.④Thewatercameabove/overourknees.over:(1)指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体eg.①Thereisabridgeovertheriver.有一定的空...