语言学作业CHAPTER1Designfeaturesreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguage,includingarbitrariness,duality,creativityanddisplacement.Functionmaybepractical.Forexample,weuselanguagetochat,tothink,tobuyandsell,toreadandwrite,togreet,praiseandcondemnpeople,etc.ButlinguiststalkaboutFUNCTIONSoflanguageinanabstractsenseandattemptsomebroadclassificationsofthebasicfunctionsoflanguagelikethefollowing:informative,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticfunction,recreationalfunction,metalingualfunction.Synchronic:SynchroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguageatoneparticularpointintimeDiachronic:DiachroniclinguisticsstudieshowalanguagechangesoveraperiodoftimeDescriptive:todescribethefactoflinguisticusageastheyare,andnothowtheyoughttobe,withreferencetosomerealorimaginedidealstate.Prescriptive:atermusedtocharacterizeanyapproachwhichattempttolaydownrulesofcorrectnessastohowlanguageshouldbeused.Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Forinstance,wecannotexplainwhyabookiscalled/buk/andapen/pen/.Dualitymeansthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.Itinvolvessystemofsoundsandsystemofmeaning.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargerunitofmeaning,andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentence.Displacementmeanshumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Thatis,ourlanguageenablesustocommunicateaboutthingsthatdonotexistordonotyetexist.Phaticcommunion:referstolanguageusedforestablishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontactratherthanforexchangeinformationorideas(e.g.commentsontheweather,orenquiriesabouthealth).Metalanguage:isthelanguagethatcanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Macrolinguistics:islinguisticswhichhasinteractivelinkswithothersciencessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnography,thescienceoflawandartificialintelligence.Competence:competenceisalanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.Performance:performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.Langue---referstothelanguagesystemsharedbyacommunityofspeakers.Parole---istheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker.Chapter2Phonetics---thesciencewhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofhumansound-making,especiallythosesoundsusedinspeech,andprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Articulatoryphonetics:thestudyofthewayspeechsoundsaremadebythevocalorgansPhonology:studiesthesoundsystemsoflanguages.Theaimofphonologyistodemonstratethepatternsofdistinctivesoundfoundinalanguage,andtomakeasgeneralstatementsaspossibleaboutthenatureofsoundsystemsinthelanguagesoftheworld.Speechorgans:arethosepartofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.Voicing:pronouncingasound(usu.Avoweloravoicedconsonant)byvibratingthevocalcords.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet:AphoneticalphabetanddiacriticmodifierssponsoredbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationtoprovideauniformanduniversallyunderstoodsystemfortranscribingthespeechsoundsofalllanguages.Consonant:Aspeechsoundproducedbyapartialorcompleteobstructionoftheairsteambyanyvariousconstrictionsofthespeechorgans.Vowel:Aspeechsoundcreatedbytherelativelyfreepa...
