Unit3LessonPlanning18.LessonplanningLessonplanningmeansmakingdecisionsinadvanceaboutwhattechniques,activitiesandmaterialswillbeusedintheclass.19.Whyislessonplanningnecessary?Properlessonplanningisessentialforbothnovice/beginnerandexperiencedteachers.20.Benefitfromlessonplanninginanumberofways1).Aclearlessonplanmakestheteacherawareoftheaimsandlanguagecontentsofthelesson.2).Italsohelpstheteachertodistinguishthevariousstagesofalessonandtoseetherelationshipbetweenthemsothatthelessoncanmovesmoothlyfromonestagetoanother.3).Theteachercanalsothinkabouthowthestudentscanbefullyengagedinthelesson.4).whenplanningthelesson,theteacheralsobecomesawareoftheteachingaidsthatareneeded.5).Lessonplanninghelpsteacherstothinkabouttherelativevalueofdifferentactivitiesandhowmuchtimeshouldbespentonthem.6).Theteachersoonlearntojudgelessonstagesandphaseswithgreateraccuracy.7).Plansarealsoanaidtocontinuingimprovement.8).Afterthelesson,theteachercanaddanevaluationtotheplan,identifyingthosepartswhichwentwellandthosewhichwerelesssuccessful.21.Therearefourmajorprinciplesbehindgoodlessonplanning:1)variety,2)flexibility,,3)learnability,4)linkage.23.Definitionsofvariety,flexibility,learnability,andlinkage.Varietymeansplanninganumberofdifferenttypesofactivitiesandwherepossibleintroducingstudentstoawideselectionofmaterialssothatlearningisalwaysinteresting,motivatingandnevermonotonousforthestudents.Flexibilitymeansplanningtouseanumberofdifferentmethodsandtechniquesratherthanbeingaslavetoonemethodology.Thiswillmaketeachingandlearningmoreeffectiveandmoreefficient.Learnabilitymeansthecontentsandtasksplannedforthelessonshouldbewithinthelearningcapabilityofthestudents.Ofcourse,thingsshouldnotbetooeasyeither.Doingthingsthatarebeyondorbelowthestudents'copingabilitywilldiminishtheirmotivation(Schumann,1999).Linkagemeansthestagesandthestepswithineachstageareplannedinsuchawaythattheyaresomehowlinkedwithoneanother.Languagelearningneedsrecyclingandreinforcement.24.Lessonplanningshouldbedoneattwolevels:Macroplanningandmicroplanning:Theformerisplanningovertime,forinstance,theplanningforamonth,aterm,orthewholecourse.Thelatterisplanningforaspecificlesson,whichusuallylasts40or50minutes.25.Macroplanninginvolves:1)Knowingaboutthecourse:2)Knowingabouttheinstitution:3)Knowingaboutthelearners:4)Knowingaboutthesyllabus:26.Theadvantageofaconcreteteachingplan:Teacherscanfollowitintheclassandcheckwhattheyhavedone;Theplanwillbethebasisofarecordofwhathasbeencoveredinclass;Itwillmakeiteasiertomakeachievementtestslater;Itwillbegoodrecordsfortheentirecourse.27.Whatdoesalessonplaninclude?Threecomponents:Teachingaims,Languagecontentsandskills,Teachingstagesandprocedures.28.Theaimsofalessoninclude:languagecomponentstopresent,communicativeskillstopractice,activitiestoconductmaterialstobeusedteachingaidstobeused.29.Languagecomponentsandskills:Bylanguagecontents,wemeanstructures(grammar),vocabulary,functions,topicsandsoon.Bylanguageskills,wemeancommunicativeskillsinvolvedinlistening,speaking,readingandwriting.30.Teachingstagesandprocedures:Teachingstagesarethemajorstepsthatlanguageteachersgothroughintheclassroom.Proceduresarethedetailedstepsineachteachingstage.31.ThreeP'smodel:presentation,practiceandproduction.(Atthepresentationstage,theteacherintroducesnewvocabularyandgrammaticalstructureswithreferencetotheircontextualizeduse.Atthepracticesta...
