Unit4HistoricalFigures心灵鸡汤心灵鸡汤JohnSnowJohnSnowwasbornonMarch15,1813，inthecityofYork，England.Asaboyheprovedtobeabrightstudent，sohismothersenthimtoaprivateschool，whereheexcelled.Snowplannedtobecomeaphysician，andatfourteen，hewasapprenticed(使某人当学徒)toDr.WilliamHardcastleinNewcastle-upon-Tyne.Snowhadananalyticalmindthatpaidattentiontodetailsthatothersoftenignored.Duringhisearlyyearsasanapprentice，hefillednotebookswithhisthoughtsandobservationsonscientificsubjects.DuringtheLondoncholeraepidemic(流行霍乱)of1831～1832，hebecameastudentattheSchoolofMedicineinGreatWindmillStreet，London.Aftertwoyearsofschooling，hewasacceptedasamemberoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEngland.Snowwasabelieverinthegermtheoryofcholera.In1849Snowwroteabook“OntheModeofCommunicationofCholera，”inwhichhesuggestedthatthe“cholerapoison”wasspread(传播)throughthepollutionoffoodorwater.Thistheoryshouldbeagainstthemorecommonlyacceptedideathatcholera，likealldiseases，multipliedintheair，andacloudofdangerousgasfloatedarounduntilitfounditsvictims.OnApril7,1853，heusedchloroform(三氯甲烷，旧时医用麻醉剂)toQueenVictoriaatthebirthofhereighthchild，PrinceLeopold.Anditwasn’tuntil1854，whencholerastruckEnglandonceagain，thatSnow’sargumentthatcholerawasspreadthroughpollutedfoodorwaterwasrecognized.Forhiseffortstodeterminehowcholerawasspreadandforthestatisticalmappingmethodsheused，JohnSnowiswidelyconsideredtobethefatherofmodernepidemiology.
