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chaptersevenfiguresofspeech(I)resemblance(orrelationship)（相似）I.simile:明喻1.difinition:Asimileisafigureofspeechinwhichtwoquitedifferentthingsarecomparedbecausetheyappeartobesimilarinatleastonecharacteristic.Simileisintroducedby“like”or“as”forexample:1).Beautyisassummerfruits,whichareeasytocorrupt….(FrancisBacon)2).IknowithelpedputmeateasewhenIfeltlikethenewkidatschoolatmyfirstecomonicsummitinOttawain1981(RonalReagan)3).NewChinaislikearedsunrisingintheeast.(EdgarSnow)4).Itiswithwordsaswithsunbeams-----themoretheyarecondensed,thedeepertheyburn.5).Shespokehurriedly,asifherhearthadleapedintoherthroatattheboy’swords.(ThomasHardy)Inasimilethereisuauallyatleastonelimilaritybetweentehtwothingscompared.Butsometimes,thesimilaritymaynotbementined,thiskindofsimilesicalledOPENSIMILE.eg,Themanislikeapig.Butwecanseeanotherwayofsimile.Tehsimilaritiesareshowndirectlyandspecifically.ThissimileiscalledCLOSEDSIMILE.eg.Themanisasfastasapig.2.function:simileownsagreateffectonrhetoricalfunctions,especiallywhenitisusedtodescribeorillustratedmorevividandsomesophistyicatedthepreticalideaseasiertounderstand.Forexample:1)Motherwasshortandplumpandpretty.Hereyeswereblue,andherbrownhairwaslikeabird’ssmoothwings….2)Themothersstayedbackinthekitchenwashinganddrying,puttingthingsaway,recrossingtheirtracelessfootstepslikethelifetimejourneysofbees,measuringoutthedrycocoaforbreakfast3)Hewastenfeetlong,thinasacurve,amuscledribbon,brownasfruit-wood,soft-furred,alert.Hisfacewasfierce,smalandpointedasalizard’s;hewouldhavemadeagoodarrowhead.Therewasjustadotofchin,maybetwobrownhairs’swidth,andthatthepurewhitefurbeganthatspreaddownhisunderside.HehadtwoblackeyesIdidn’tseeanymorethanyouseeawidow.(AnnieDillard’sweasel)4)Habitmaybelikennedtoacable;everydayweweaveathread,andsoonwecannotbreakit.5)Riselikelionsafterslumber像雄师般奋起反抗Inunvanquishablenumber-----亿万成群不可挡----Shakeyourchainstoearthlikedew睡梦中锁链套身上----Whichinsleephadfallenonyou----摔掉它，化为灰烬Youaremany-----theyarefew.他们一小撮，你们千万人（PercyBysshyShelley）6)Themanwhohasnotanythingtoboastof,buthisillustriousancestors,islikeapotato----theonlygoodbelongingtohimisunderground.(Overbury)(一个人如果只有以他的功勋卓著的先祖为自豪，而再没有什么可以值得自夸的话，那他就像个土豆，因为他唯一的好处只能是深埋于泥土中。)II.Metaphor暗喻，隐喻1.definition:Metaphorisafigureofspeechinwhichonethingisdescribedintermsofanother.Metaphoristhebasicfigureinpoetry.Inametaphor,acomparisonisusuallyimplicit,whereasinasimileitisexplicit..Soametaphorisalsoreferredtoasacompressedorcondensedsimile.2.division:2.1visiblemetaphor:Itisametaphorinwhichboththeprimaryterm(tenor)andthesecondaryterm(vehicle)manifestthemselvesintehcontext.Thetypicalacknowledgingwordis‘tobe’Forexample:Policeworkoninner-citystreetisadomesticVietnam,adangerousno-winstrugglefoughtbyconfused,misdirectedandunappreciatedtroops.2.2invisiblemetaphor:Itisametaphorinwhichthevehicledoesnotmanifestitselfdirectlyandcompletely,butrevealsitselfindirectlybycertainberbsORametaphorinwhichthetemordoesnotmanifestitselfdirectly,butisrepresentedbythevehiclesoastoleavesomeroomforthereader’simagination.Forexample:1)Inforeignpolicy,flyingsolocanberiskybusiness.(DouglasStanglin)2)Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested…(FrancisBacon)3)Thespring,thehead,thefountainof...